Cambridge International A Level Biology Revision Guide

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Cambridge International A Level Biology 286 Chapter 13: Photosynthesis Learning outcomes You should be able to: ■■ describe the absorption of light energy in the light dependent stage of photosynthesis ■■ ■■ explain the transfer of this energy to the light independent stage of photosynthesis and its use in the production of complex organic molecules describe the role of chloroplast pigments in the absorption of light energy ■■ ■■ ■■ discuss how the structure of a chloroplast fits it for its functions explain how environmental factors influence the rate of photosynthesis describe how C4 plants are adapted for high rates of carbon fixation at high temperatures
Chapter 13: Photosynthesis Fuel from algae Despite millions of hours of research, we still have not managed to set up a chemical manufacturing system that can harvest light energy and use it to make complex chemicals, in the way that plants and some protoctists do. So, why not just let the cells do it for us? Figure 13.1 shows a photobioreactor – a series of tubes containing the single-celled photosynthetic organism Chlorella. Provide light, carbon dioxide and minerals, and the cells photosynthesise. Bioreactors like this are being used around the world to produce biomass for animal feed, and chemicals that can be used as food additives or in the manufacture of cosmetics. They can also be used to convert energy from the Sun into ethanol or biodiesel but, so far, the bioreactors cannot produce biomass cheaply enough to compete with the use of fossil fuels. Figure 13.1 A photobioreactor. An energy transfer process As you have seen at the beginning of Chapter 12, the process of photosynthesis transfers light energy into chemical potential energy of organic molecules. This energy can then be released for work in respiration (Figure 12.2). Almost all the energy transferred to all the ATP molecules in all living organisms is derived from light energy used in photosynthesis by autotrophs. Such photoautotrophs include green plants, the photosynthetic prokaryotes and both single-celled and many-celled protoctists (including the green, red and brown algae). A few autotrophs do not depend on light energy, but use chemical energy sources. These chemoautotrophs include the nitrifying bacteria that are so important in the nitrogen cycle. Nitrifying bacteria obtain their energy from oxidising ammonia (NH 3 ) to nitrite (NO 2 – ), or nitrite to nitrate (NO 3 – ). An outline of the process Photosynthesis is the trapping (fixation) of carbon dioxide and its subsequent reduction to carbohydrate, using hydrogen from water. It takes place inside chloroplasts (Figure 13.2) a starch grain granum b photosystem ribosomes light primary pigment reaction centre outer membrane inner membrane light accessory pigments chloroplast envelope lipid droplet stroma thylakoid membrane thylakoid Figure 13.2 a A diagram of a chloroplast. b A photosystem: a light-harvesting cluster of photosynthetic pigments in a chloroplast thylakoid membrane. Only a few of the pigment molecules are shown. stroma lamella thylakoid 287
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Mary Jones, Richard Fosbery, Jennif
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Cambridge International AS Level an
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Chapter 1: Cell structure Ultrastru
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Chapter 1: Cell structure The nucle
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules A c
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules a b
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules 7 T
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Chapter 1: Cell structure Chapter 3
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Chapter 3: Enzymes Mammals such as
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Chapter 3: Enzymes QUESTION 3.2 Why
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Chapter 3: Enzymes Enzyme inhibitor
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Chapter 3: Enzymes results to plot
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Chapter 3: Enzymes BOX 3.2: Immobil
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Chapter 3: Enzymes 2 In a reaction
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Chapter 3: Enzymes b c The molecule
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Chapter 3: Enzymes no inhibitor inh
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Chapter 1: Cell structure Chapter 5
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Chapter 7: Transport in plants a b
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Chapter 10: Infectious diseases Ver
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Chapter 10: Infectious diseases End
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Chapter 10: Infectious diseases 8 a
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Chapter 11: Immunity Smallpox was f
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Chapter 11: Immunity Phagocytes Pha
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Chapter 11: Immunity Some of these
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Chapter 11: Immunity variable regio
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Chapter 11: Immunity secrete cytoki
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Chapter 11: Immunity Concentration
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Chapter 15: Coordination Structure
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Chapter 15: Coordination The mornin
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Chapter 15: Coordination Auxins and
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Chapter 15: Coordination Summary
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Chapter 15: Coordination 3 Which of
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Chapter 16: Inherited change Katydi
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Chapter 17: Selection and evolution
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Chapter P2: Planning, analysis and
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Appendix 2: DNA and RNA triplet cod
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Glossary artery a blood vessel that
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Glossary creatinine a nitrogenous e
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Glossary haemoglobin the red pigmen
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Glossary negative feedback a proces
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Glossary reaction centre a molecule
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Glossary transfer RNA (tRNA) a fold
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Chapter 1: Cell structure Index C3
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Index gluconeogenesis, 317 glucose,
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Index pacemaker, 177 palisade mesop
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Index tar, 190, 191, 193 taste buds
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Acknowledgements Meiosis” in Tuat
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Cambridge International A Level Biology Revision Guide

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