Cambridge International A Level Biology Revision Guide

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Cambridge International AS Level and A Biology Level Biology iv 9 Gas exchange and smoking 185 Gas exchange 186 Lungs186 Trachea, bronchi and bronchioles 187 Alveoli189 Smoking190 Tobacco smoke 190 Lung diseases 190 Short-term effects on the cardiovascular system 193 End-of-chapter questions 195 10 Infectious diseases 198 Worldwide importance of infectious diseases 200 Cholera200 Malaria202 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) 205 Tuberculosis (TB) 209 Measles212 Antibiotics213 End-of-chapter questions 219 11 Immunity 222 Defence against disease 223 Cells of the immune system 224 Active and passive immunity 232 Autoimmune diseases – a case of mistaken identity 237 End-of-chapter questions 242 P1 Practical skills for AS 246 Experiments247 Variables and making measurements 247 Estimating uncertainty in measurement 255 Recording quantitative results 255 Constructing a line graph 256 Constructing bar charts and histograms 258 Making conclusions 259 Describing data 259 Making calculations from data 259 Explaining your results 261 Identifying sources of error and suggesting improvements261 Drawings262 End-of-chapter questions 264 12 Energy and respiration 267 The need for energy in living organisms 268 Work269 ATP270 Respiration272 Mitochondrial structure and function 276 Respiration without oxygen 277 Respiratory substrates 278 Adaptations of rice for wet environments 281 End-of-chapter questions 283 13 Photosynthesis 286 An energy transfer process 287 The light dependent reactions of photosynthesis 288 The light independent reactions of photosynthesis290 Chloroplast structure and function 290 Factors necessary for photosynthesis 291 C4 plants 293 Trapping light energy 295 End-of-chapter questions 297 14 Homeostasis 299 Internal environment 300 Control of homeostatic mechanisms 301 The control of body temperature 302 Excretion304 The structure of the kidney 305 Control of water content 312 The control of blood glucose 315 Urine analysis 319 Homeostasis in plants 320 End-of-chapter questions 325 15 Coordination 329 Nervous communication 330 Muscle contraction 344 Hormonal communication 349 Birth control 351 Control and coordination in plants 353 End-of-chapter questions 358
Contents 16 Inherited change 364 Homologous chromosomes 365 Two types of nuclear division 367 Meiosis 368 Genetics 374 Genotype affects phenotype 374 Inheriting genes 375 Multiple alleles 378 Sex inheritance 378 Sex linkage 379 Dihybrid crosses 380 Interactions between loci 382 Autosomal linkage 383 Crossing over 384 The χ 2 (chi-squared) test 386 Mutations 387 Gene control in prokaryotes 389 Gene control in eukaryotes 391 End-of-chapter questions 393 17 Selection and evolution 397 Variation 398 Natural selection 402 Evolution 404 Artificial selection 409 The Darwin–Wallace theory of evolution by natural selection 412 Species and speciation 413 Molecular comparisons between species 416 Extinctions 417 End-of-chapter questions 420 18 Biodiversity, classification and conservation 423 Ecosystems 425 Biodiversity 426 Simpson’s Index of Diversity 430 Systematic sampling 431 Correlation 433 Classification 435 Viruses 440 Threats to biodiversity 441 Why does biodiversity matter? 444 Protecting endangered species 445 Controlling alien species 451 International conservation organisations 452 Restoring degraded habitats 453 End-of-chapter questions 455 19 Genetic technology 462 Genetic engineering 463 Tools for the gene technologist 464 Genetic technology and medicine 475 Gene therapy 477 Genetic technology and agriculture 480 End-of-chapter questions 487 P2 Planning, analysis and evaluation 490 Planning an investigation 491 Constructing a hypothesis 491 Using the right apparatus 491 Identifying variables 492 Describing the sequence of steps 495 Risk assessment 495 Recording and displaying results 495 Analysis, conclusions and evaluation 495 Pearson’s linear correlation 501 Spearman’s rank correlation 503 Evaluating evidence 504 Conclusions and discussion 506 End-of-chapter questions 507 Appendix 1: Amino acid R groups 512 Appendix 2: DNA and RNA triplet codes 513 Glossary 514 Index 526 Acknowledgements 534 CD-ROM Advice on how to revise for and approach examinations Introduction to the examination and changes to the syllabus Answers to self-assessment questions Answers to end-of-chapter questions Recommended resources CD1 CD1 CD16 CD21 CD64 CD128 v
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Cambridge International A Level Biology Revision Guide

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