Chapter 2. Prehension

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Chapter 6 - During Contact 227 -’ 50pm Figure 6.8 Photomicrographs of mechanoreceptors in the interphalangeal joints of the bonnet monkey. A. Paciniform corpuscle with 10 - 30 lamellae; B. Pacinian corpuscle with more than 30 lamellae; C. Schematic of the lateral and vental aspects of the proximal IP joint capsule. Darkened areas show the endings occur exclusively on the ventral and lateral aspects of the joint capsule; D. Ruffini nerve ending with one lamella (from Babu & Devanandan, 1991; adapted by permission).
228 THE PHASES OF PREHENSION different numbers of lamellae. We saw earlier that cutaneous paciniform receptors also are found subcutaneous to the glabrous, palmar skin. These fast adapting paciniform corpuscles, both in skin and joints, may be conveying information related to compliance, both in passive palmar tissue and in joint stiffness, as a function of cocontraction activity. As well, they may provide information about motion and reactive forces during object manipulation. Proprioceptors provide information about the relative position of body segments to one another and about the position of the body in space, including information about mechanical displacements of muscles and joints. Integrated with other efferent and receptor information, joint and muscle receptors are critically important during both the free motion phase discussed in Chapter 5 and the compliant motion, force generating phase, of interest here in Chapter 6. When the hand is in contact with objects, proprioceptors contribute to information about both object and body: skin stretch, joint motion, mechanical deformations, compliance, geometry of contact, and interactions with the object in a hand-centered coordinate system. It is possible that the functional roles of joint, muscle and skin receptors are fundamentally different during free motion and compliant motion phases. Thus, there may be differences in the information communicated by their afferent activity during the two phases, in the patterns of integration of these sensory signals at segmental levels and with descending motor commands, hence in the patterns of motor unit recruitment, and control of muscles by the CNS. 6.2 Active Touch and Sensorimotor Integration Phillips (1986, p. 1) refers to the the glabrous skin of the fingertips as the somesthetic macula12, noting that “our explorations of tactual and visual space require active movements of the ‘sensifacient fields’ to centre their respective maculae on objects of interest”. Comparisons and contrasts between the eye and the hand were earlier traced to Charles Bell (1833), who discussed what is currently known as ‘foveation’ in which there is active control of the eye to place an object on the fovedmacula of the retina. Such comparisons and contrasts should be expanded further, including the roles of reflexes, postural support, automatic and voluntary control, efference copy or outflow, somatic and autonomic innervation, accommodation and 12The macula lutea of the eye contains the fovea which is the area of greatest visual acuity.
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ADVANCES IN PSYCHOLOGY 104 Editors:
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NORTH-HOLLAND ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V.
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354 A pp e n dices Table A.l Degree
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370 Appendices Table B.l Prehensile
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410 Appendices Sears et al., 1989).
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420 A pp e n dices D.3.3 Belgrade/U
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424 THE GRASPING HAND Arbib, M.A. (
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426 THE GRASPING HAND Bullock, D.,
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428 THE GRASPING HAND Cutkosky, M.R
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430 THE GRASPING HAND Focillon, H.
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432 THE GRASPING HAND Gordon, A.M.,
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434 THE GRASPING HAND Hollerbach, J
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436 THE GRASPING HAND Jeannerod, M.
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438 THE GRASPING HAND Kamakura, N.,
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440 THE GRASPING HAND Landsmeer, J.
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442 THE GRASPING HAND MacKenzie, C.
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444 THE GRASPING HAND Moore, D.F. (
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446 THE GRASPING HAND Phillips, C.G
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448 THE GRASPING HAND Rumelhart, D.
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452 THE GRASPING HAND Weir, P.L. (1
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456 THE GRASPING HAND Childress, D.
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458 THE GRASPING HAND Johansson, R.
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460 THE GRASPING HAND Proteau, L.,
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482 THE GRASPING HAND and grasping,
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