Chapter 2. Prehension

376 Appendices
fingers (Kamakura et al., 1980; Kapandji, 1982), as one might hold a
chocolate cigarette, as seen in Figure 2.4a.
B.1.4 Virtual finger three
A virtual finger three (VF3) is used in postures whenever a hand
surface is used to counteract a task related force or torque. This has
been observed in the hook grasp (G), and also in the flat hand (M) as
in holding a small tray (Kapandji, 1982; Lister, 1977). Kapandji
(1982) notes another way the hand can be used in a gravitydependent
grip. This is when it is used as a spoon or shell. Another
example of a VF3 is when one finger touches an object, acting as an
antenna to direct the object or gather sensory information.
Interestingly, the directional grasp (or internal precision grasp) is a
combination of a finger touch (R) and lateral pinch (F). As seen in
Figure 2.4c, it can also be a combination of a finger touch (R), lateral
pinch (F), and a diagonal volar grasp (T).
Table B.2 Some taxonomies of' development of prehensile skills in infants.
This chronological list is limited.
Researchers Posture names
Halverson contact superior-palm grasp
(1931) primitive squeeze inferior-forefinger grasp
squeeze grasp forefinger grasp
hand grasp
palm grasp
superior forefinger grasp
Twitchell
(1965)
traction
full grasp reflex
fractionation of
grasp reflex
instinctive gasp reaction
Touwen
(1971)
voluntary palmar grasp
radial palmar grasp
scissor grasp
scissor-pincer grasp
pincer grasp
Hohlstein in addition to Halverson's grasps:
(1982) 3 surface contact thumbpad to fingers
fingers to ulnar palm
fingers to middle palm
fingers to radial palm
sides of fingers grasp
thumbpad to combination
3-4-5 pads
thumbpad to 2 or 3 side
thumbpad to 2-3-4-5 pads
thumbpad to 2-3 pads
thumbpad to index pad