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REVUE DE PRESSE-PRESS REVIEW-BERHEVOKA ÇAP~-RIVlsrA STAMPA-DENTRO DE LA PRENSA-BASIN ÖzETÎ The m'othe' r of' Havinglosttheirmento Saddam Hussein's. troops, thousands of aIl Kurdish women endure intensehardship, exacerbated by the often violent actions of fellow tribeswomen, t d · rage les Claire Pointon reports most of their possessions and gave the other photographs to foreigners in the hope that WINTER IS THE longest season in they might help to trace the missing men. Qushteppe. where few have glass windows to "The day it happene«l, the soldiers set up , ,keep out the icy wind and snow, and none tanks and, artillery pieces around this have oil to heat their homes. Wispy women complex," Khanzad says. "At daybreak they and girts struggle through the snow, old oil- poured in and carried out house-to-house cans in their arms. to fetch the only supplies searches. We tried to hide-some of the boys in theican afford - water from the communal water tanks, in cupboards or chiclcen-houses, well. They live on food saved from last but they looked everywhere." They gathered winter's stocks because they have no money, the men together and took them to a line of no possessions left to sell and, until seeding buses waiting on the road. ''They said they time in spring, there will be no work. But were taking them to a meeting in Baghdad. worst of all, they have no men. People knew it was some kind of trick, so the Other Kurds call them the Qushteppe women were crying and giving their men widows. although these women have never money and water, but the soldiers beat them properly mourned the men they lost ten with the butts of their guns. The men gave us summers ago. They still expect them to' hope. saying they would come back. I am return. The families were forcibly resettled on sure they are alive.", this plain, far from their native Barzan Her feeling is characteristic of a comregion, by the Iraqi gOYmU11ellt under a munity which effectively stood still for general programme to depopulate the rural months before it realised it had to find its regions. But this tribe of the late Kurdish own means of survival, even if only until the revolutionary leader Mulla Mustafa Barzani men returned. "After a year we had finiShed was in for particular punishm~t - for our money and we began selling eYeJYthiilg, collaborating with Iran during its war with even our clothes and our wedding rings," Baghdad. One morning in 1983, Iraqi Khanzad says. "Then we had to start: troops sean:hed the houses in three differeQt, working." This was a new experience in a settlements and took away every man and tribe where the men traditionally provided boy aver ten years old. In total. some 8,000 everything for the family. Bananis disappeared. The women became farm labourers for The policy of Iraqi president Saddam ' local Kurdish landowners, harvesting tom- Hussein was to tear apart the social fabric of atoes and cuCumbers for half a dinar a day. the Kurdish community. First. the authori- They worked in shifts, some keeping the ties uprooted 'the Barzanis from the agri- house and minding the children while others cultural liVelihood of generations - their worked in the fields. Despite Iraqi attempts fertile apple orchards, cereal fields and dairy to prevent them leaving the housing comfarms. Then, by taking away the men - the plexes, they obtained false identity papers anchors of the Kurdish family, particularly in and went into the city of Albil to work in its this conservative tribe - Saddam aimed to tailoring factory or chiclcen farm. They went expose the women and children as outcasts. to the market. taught themselves to mend They were stripped of the male protection pipes at, home, repair roofs, slaughter which assured theirlivelihood and leftyOunganimals, previously all strictly men's work. girts with little hope for the future in a group When they could not cope, they asked unused to marriage outside the tribe. neighbours outside the tribe for help. Khanzad was 20, with one daughter, when Old as well as young women were forced to her husband Mohammad, his four brothers earn money to stay alive. Miriam, who says and father were taken. She now lives in one of she is 59, sold knitted socks in Arbil until the Qushteppe's breeze-block houses wiQt' her price of the raw materials roclœted, after the husband's mother and sisters and, their combination of sanctions on Iraq by the children. There is little left to remiri9 the international community ~d Baghdad's women of their menfolk besides a red ,'and own embargo on the north. She says her white Banani scarf, a man's tradition8I husband would have been shocked to see her, baggy-trousered suit and one bl~ selling goods on the street: "It was humiliat- ' photograph in a blue plastic frame. They sold ing. but we had no choice. We had noJood." FOR THE YOUNGER generation it is different. Jaida. a pretty. dark-eyed l6-yearold in a dress with a hearts-and-arrows design, has only had two years of schooling. She began earning when she was ten and worked on the scissor-line at the tailoring factory until she was laid off, along with many other women, as a result of recent economic problems. For her, unlike her mother, contact with people outside the Barzani tribe now seems normal. , But the older generation complains of a lack of discipline among these young women, struggling to find an identity for themselves 'between the rural tribal structure and the more open urban life to which they have been exposed. TeacherS at local schools say that, without paternal authority inside the families, the youngsters have been "spoiled" by working mothers who have no time to supervise them. Others are thrown out into the working world with little or no previous experience, and sometimes end up open to ' exploitation. Cinnar, aged 20, says she fell in love with her boss - not a Barzani - at the local pickle factory and began seeing him secretly outside work. "I first met him when he came to recruit women labourers here. I only began speaking to him a month afterwards, and now I see him at his family's home," she says. "But if my family knew, they would kill me." She has seen what happened to her older sister, a mother of se.ven, when she pursued an unconventional relationship. "She met a man outside the tribe at the tailoring factory and moved to the city with her children last summer. He didn't 'live with her, but he visited her a lot," she says. "Afterfour months my brother went to the house and shot her dead in front of the child. ren. My family didn't re- ,port it to the ,police. but my mother was very angry because he didri't tell her he was going to do it." Thisease. and others III Z ~ like it, are known inside the community where many women believe that' in such circumstances killing is the 'only way to purge what they call "unclean hearts". A' doctor working in Qushteppe says he knows of at least 20 such incidents in the past few years. In a darkened room, sniffing and nervously humming, one elderly woman tells me that she and her family had decided to kill her daughter-in-law, one of the young widows. three years ago. "We discussed it and we felt this was the right thing to do. She had met 8
REVUE DE PRESSE-PRESS REVIEW-BERHEVOKA ÇAPt;-RMSfA STAMPA-DENTRO DE LA PREN:' \.-BASIN ÖZET; someone at work and was pregnant." she says. "We were protecting the dignity of the family." "It's extremely difficult to be a community of women without men:' she adds, by way of explanation. Women run off, breaking up families and leaving children behind. Some say the answer is to go back to Barzan and the traditionallife. The thought is depressing for Cinnar and other young women used to the city life. while for the older generation it is a dream increasingly likely to come true. Their houses were bulldozed by the Iraqi government after they left. but since international aid agencies began reconstructing the villages, several hundred have returned. Masoud Barzani, son of the late Mulla Mustafa. believes this could be a partial solution to the tribe's plight. MEANWHILE. THE FATE of the Barzani men is still unclear. A month after the deportations, Saddam announced on Iraqi television: "We will punish those who c0- operate with Barzani's sons, just as we punished the Barzani sons themselves ... Those people were severely punished and went to Hell." Kurdish leaders fear they were used in Iraqi experiments into the effects of chemical weapons. They stress there is not a shred of evidence that their men are still alive, although recent searches for signs of mass graves have yielded no proof of their deaths. Until they do, the thousands of men will technically remain "disappeared people" and their womenfolk will be condemned to a half-life, neither widows nor wives. "We like our young girls to marry:' one woman said. "But we don't want those who have lost men to marry again, because we still haven't lost hope. Our husbands are still in prison and our hearts are not free,'" • HlM )'Oll seen tIIis inan? Women hold up pidufts of missing rdatMs HE FINANCIAL TIMES -MARCH 9,1993 Turks attack Kurdish bases By John Murray Brown In Ankara THE Turkish military was yesterday engaged in largescale air and ground attacks on bases of the Kurdish Workers' party (PKK) that have lasted at least four days. It is the first government offensive since the beginning of winter and a move clearly aimed at disrupting rebel attempts to exploit upcoming Kurdish New Year celebrations on March 21. The latest military operation, in which government forces claim to have killed at least 50 PKK guerrillas near Mount Ararat on the Armertian border, coincides with this week's vote in parliament to extend the emergency administration for the 10 Kurdish-speaking provinces. Both the prime minister, Mr Suleyman Demirel, and the military have recommended that martial law, in place since July 1987, should remain for a further four months. The prime minister seems keen to distance himself from recent hardline statements from the interior minister, Mr Ismet Sezgin, who warned that Uü we wanted to, we could all bring them together and kill them and say they had committed suicide" Nonetheless, with just two weeks to the New Year celebrations, there is growing anxiety to avoid last year's violence in which more than 90 civilians were killed when the government used tanks and armoured vehicles to reassert control in a string of towns along th€ border with Iraq and Syria. The PKK was accused then 01 trying to turn the eel. ebrations into a separatist demonstration. The prime minister has held meetings with Mr Ahmet Turk, chairman of thE' People's Labour party (HEP), the nearest thing to an explicitly pro. Kurdish political party. A year on, the root causes ot Kurdish discontent have still to be addressed. Repressive policing methods, lack of confidence in the legal process, together with the powerlessness of locals Kurds elected to parliament, have sharpened local disillusion with the government in Ankara. After the bloodiest year in che eight-year insurgency, with more than 2,000 people killed in 1992, the winter. months have provided both sides with a respite. However, western diplomats believe the government has missed the opportunity to use the breathing space to push on with its earlier promise of reform. Given Turkey's severe budget problems, it is hard to see how Mr Demirel can deliver on his latest promise of a big investment programme for the region. In November, parliament passed welcome changes to the criminal justice act. However, key provisions, were not extended to the south-east. 9
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INSTITUT URD DE PARIS Bulletin de l
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BULLETIN DE LIAISON ET D'INFORMATIO
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BULLETIN DE LIAISON ET D1NFORMATION
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