Buiten kerk en moskee

3 Similar findings were recorded for the United States. Compare: http://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/29/
opinion/american-christianity.html.
4 The exact number of Muslims is not known and difficult to ascertain. Via surveys, Statistics Netherlands
has arrived at a figure of approximately 5% of the population. However, it should be observed that
minorities are always under-represented in surveys. Pew Research drew on migration, birth and conversion
figures, resulting in a slightly higher percentage of approximately 7% in 2016 (increasing to an
estimated 12.5% for 2050). Thus, the actual number cannot be established with certainty but will probably
be around the one million mark.
5 According to the Ipsos ‘Perils of perception’ research projects conducted in 2016 (in 40 countries) and in
2018 (in 37 countries): www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/2016-12/Perils-of-perception-2016.pdf and
www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2018-12/ipsos-mori-perils-of-perception-2018.pdf.
6 It must also be observed that religious beliefs among Muslims of Turkish origin are generally more
diverse and therefore less strict than those of Muslims of Moroccan or Somali origin.
7 In 1991, 41% of respondents in the ‘Cultural Changes’ research project said they had little to no trust in
church or religious organisations; in 2010, this percentage had increased to 58% (De Hart and Van Houwelingen
2018).
8 While 36% of Catholics, 42% of members of the Dutch Reformed church and 60% of members of the
Lutheran church remained loyal to their churches, virtually all (96% in 2015) Dutch citizens from a nonchurch
milieu continued the non-churchgoing of their youth. The following applies for Roman Catholics
and members of the Dutch Reformed church in particular: regardless of what a religious upbringing has
yielded, this does not include frequent church attendance in later life. Although more than half of respondents
who have been brought up as Catholics or members of the Dutch Reformed church say they
raised their own children in the faith too, the majority of them now almost never attend a church service,
and virtually none of their children go on a weekly basis. See De Hart and Van Houwelingen (2018:
54-56, 74-75), for example.
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