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Between the devil and the deep blue sea - University of Canterbury

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- 5 -<br />

The rhetoric <strong>of</strong> politicians in <strong>the</strong> 1930s <strong>of</strong>ten emphasised similar ideas. For<br />

example, H. A. van Karnebeek (Minister <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs, 1918 - 1929) linked neutrality<br />

with independence <strong>and</strong> European peace in a speech he gave in 1938:<br />

we [<strong>the</strong> Dutch] are caretakers <strong>of</strong> a territorial integrity that is highly important<br />

for <strong>the</strong> political balance in Europe <strong>and</strong> for peace. We are trustees! Weare in<br />

charge <strong>of</strong> ensuring that this integrity is not endangered <strong>and</strong> is not complicated.<br />

Our position rests on trust that can be placed [by o<strong>the</strong>rs] in us. We have,<br />

<strong>the</strong>refore, to avoid <strong>the</strong> appearance that our position, even in time <strong>of</strong> peace, is<br />

useful to ano<strong>the</strong>r, whichever, power. Rooted in our trusteeship is an obligation<br />

to uphold <strong>the</strong> integrity <strong>of</strong> our territory, as well as a categorical imperative <strong>of</strong><br />

defence. The fimction that we fitTfil in <strong>the</strong> political structure <strong>of</strong> Europe is a<br />

fimction that rests not only on our own interests, but on those <strong>of</strong> Europe. Our<br />

calling is not only that <strong>of</strong> neutrality in time <strong>of</strong> conflict, but <strong>of</strong> independence in<br />

general as a permanent political manifestation. (italics in original)8<br />

Of course, during <strong>the</strong> 1930s, not everyone was as optimistic about <strong>the</strong> Ne<strong>the</strong>rl<strong>and</strong>s'<br />

international position as van Karnebeek. Several important figureheads, including Nicolaas<br />

Bosboom (Minister <strong>of</strong> War, 1914 - 1917) <strong>and</strong> General C. 1. Snijders (Comm<strong>and</strong>er-in-Chief,<br />

1914 - 1918) published memoirs in <strong>the</strong> 1920s <strong>and</strong> 1930s explaining that Dutch security<br />

would be much harder to guarantee in future. 9 The political leaders <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nation, despite<br />

8 "[Z]ijn wij hoeders van een territoriale integriteit, die voor het politieke evenwicht in Europa en voor den vrede van<br />

het hoogste belang is. Wi} zi}n trustees! Aan ons de zorg, dat deze integriteit niet in gevaar komt en niet in<br />

verwikkelingen wordt betrokken. Onze positie berust op het vertrouwen, dat in ons gesteld kan worden. Wij hebben<br />

dientengevolge zelfs den schijn te vermijden, dat onze houding, ook in tijd van vrede, aan de belangen van een<br />

<strong>and</strong>ere mogendheid, welke ook, dienstbaar zou kUlmen zijn. In ons trusteeschap wortelen de plicht tot h<strong>and</strong>having<br />

van de integriteit van ons gebied, en de categorische imperatief der defensie. De functie, die wi} te vel1 Jullen hebben<br />

in de politieke structUl/r van Europa, is een jilllctie, die berust niet slechts op ons eigen belang, maar op dat van<br />

Europa. Onze roeping is niet slechts, die van neutraliteit in ti}d van conflict, maar die van zelfst<strong>and</strong>igheid in het<br />

algemeen als permanente politieke manifestatie." (italics in original) (H. A. van Karnebeek, "De internationale<br />

politiek van Nederl<strong>and</strong> in de laatste 40 jaren" [The international policies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ne<strong>the</strong>rl<strong>and</strong>s in <strong>the</strong> last 40 years]<br />

speech held at <strong>the</strong> Volksuniversiteit in The Hague in 1938 (in B. M. Telders, Nederl<strong>and</strong>s Onzi}digheid. Grondslagen<br />

en Gevolgen. [Dutch neutrality. Foundations <strong>and</strong> consequences] The Hague: Martinus Nijh<strong>of</strong>f, 1939, pp. 22 - 23)).<br />

9 N. Bosboom, In Moeili}ke Omst<strong>and</strong>igheden. Augustus 1914 - Mei 1917. [In difficult circumstances. August 1914-<br />

May 1917] Gorinchem: J. Noorduyn & Zoon, 1933; C. J. Snijders, "Nederl<strong>and</strong>'s militaire positie gedurende den<br />

wereldoorlog" [The Ne<strong>the</strong>rl<strong>and</strong>s' military position during <strong>the</strong> world war] Militaire Spectator. 92, 1923, pp. 536 -<br />

566; C. J. Snijders, "De Nederl<strong>and</strong>sche l<strong>and</strong>macht 1898 - 1923" [The Dutch Army 1898 - 1923] in W. G. de Bas<br />

(ed.), Gedenkboek 1898 - 1923. Uitgegeven tel' Gelegenheid van het Zilveren Regeeringsfeest van Hare Majesteit<br />

Koningin Wilhelmina del' Nederl<strong>and</strong>en, op 6 September 1923. [Remembrance book. Published to celebrate <strong>the</strong> silver<br />

anniversary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> reign <strong>of</strong> Her Majesty Queen Wilhelmina <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ne<strong>the</strong>rl<strong>and</strong>s, on 6 September 1923] Voorschoten:<br />

H. H. Fongers en Co., 1923, pp. 201 - 231; C. J. Snijders, "Het opperbevel en de politiek. Herinneringen en<br />

gedachten uit de oorlogsjaren" [Supreme comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> politics. Memories <strong>and</strong> thoughts from <strong>the</strong> war years]<br />

Haagsch Ma<strong>and</strong>blad. 1, no. 6, June 1924, pp. 627 - 646; C. J. Snijders, "De hoogere bevelvoering der Nederl<strong>and</strong>sche<br />

krijgsmacht in tijd van oorlog en van vrede" [Higher comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dutch armed forces in time <strong>of</strong> war <strong>and</strong> peace]<br />

Militaire Spectator. 95, 1926, pp. 549 - 574; C. J. Snijders, "Twee mobilisatien" [Two mobilisations] Militaire<br />

Spectator. 101, 1, January 1932, pp. 11 - 23; C. J. Snijders, "De ministerieele verantwoordelijkheid en het<br />

opperbevel" [Ministerial responsibility <strong>and</strong> supreme comm<strong>and</strong>] De Indische Gids. 60, no. 2,1938, pp. 1092 - 1105.

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