Between the devil and the deep blue sea - University of Canterbury

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- 81 - Map 7: The ajivachtingsopstelling ("waiting position") of the Field Army on mobilisation. (Source: "Afwachtingsopstelling van het leger I Augustus 1914" [Waiting position of the Anny, 1 August 1914] in SMG/DC, "Mobilisatieverslag" 91A13) The 1913 strategic directives specified a verscherpte afivachtingsopstelling ("intensified waiting position") for Field Anny deployment: Division I mobilised on the western coast between Ijmuiden and Hoek van Holland, Division II positioned itself from Nijmegen westwards along the Ijssel and Rhine rivers, Division III bunked in North Brabant
- 82- with detachments in Zeeland and along the Maas river in Limburg, and Division IV acted as a strategic reserve within the centre of the country around the city of Amersfoort. 115 Map 7 shows where each of the brigades moved on 1 August 1914, to fit as closely to the afvvachtingsopstelling as possible. The Cavalry Brigade mobilised in and around Eindhoven, where it remained for the entire war. 116 Next to the Field Army, the most significant defences on land were the fortified positions. After 1900, strategic use of fortifications underwent a subtle change. Where in the nineteenth century they had been most important - almost the entire army was stationed in them - the increasingly mobile Field Army became primary after the tum of the century. Fortress Holland existed to cover the Field Army's flanks and to provide a strong retreat position. 117 The type of troops mobilised into the fortifications reflect the shift from rigid to mobile defence. Where in 1914, the Field Army boasted 72 infantlY battalions, the fortified positions had less than one-half that. In total, moreover, 23 of its 35 battalions comprised of landweer. In other words, the fortifications supported greater numbers of older soldiers. Fresher, younger, conscripts were used in the Field Army, leaving the less physically demanding jobs for the older landweer. Table 3 also highlights how significant the New Holland Waterline was to defence plans. It housed most of the battalions. There were three reasons for this predominance. Firstly, the Waterline was the principal retreat location for all troops, including the Field Anny. Secondly, it was the first line of inundation. Thirdly, if the line was breached, the troops holding it could retreat into fortifications further back, especially into the fortified position of Amsterdam, the final stronghold of Dutch defence. Amsterdam's five battalions were adequate to man the fOliified positions in and around the city, but they needed the added strength of the retreating troops to withstand a concerted attack 115 Klinkert, Het Vaderland Verdedigd p. 400, fn. 42. 116 Voorst tot Voorst, "Onze caval erie tijdens de mobilisatie" pp. 428, 432, 437. 117 H. Wijnaerts, P. H. de Ridder, Militaire Aardrijkskullde van Nederland. [Military geography of the Netherlands] Breda: Koninklijke Militaire Academie, 1906, p. 175.
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BETWEEN THE DEVIL AND THE DEEP BLUE
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Orange Dots in the Sky Conclusion 3
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- iv- CONCLUSION: CAUGHT BETWEEN TH
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Illustration 9: The electric fence
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- Note on Citations - Where possibl
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- Acl
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- xii- offering accommodation, comp
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- 2 - The years 1914 to 1918 illust
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- 4- and 1919. As we shall see, dur
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- 6- their rhetoric, were also unde
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- 8 - Another favourite theme for p
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- 10- here. 25 As a result, the Dut
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- 12 - MEMORIALISING THE GREAT WAR,
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- 14 - socialised activity".43 Afte
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- 16 - Committee), the association
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- 18 - The commemorative behaviour
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- 20- consciousness, and that even
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- 23- of his contemporaries attempt
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- 27 - from flawless in detail and
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- 29 - the war experiences of the v
Page 44 and 45: - 31 - Chapter 4 introduces the int
Page 46 and 47: - 33 - The inability to keep up wit
Page 48 and 49: - 35 - for the proclaimed non-belli
Page 50 and 51: - 37- during a general war involvin
Page 52 and 53: - 39- there seemed to be every reas
Page 54 and 55: - 41 - The advantages of neutrality
Page 56 and 57: - 43 - goods went ahead unhindered.
Page 58 and 59: - 45- territorial advantage to an a
Page 60 and 61: - 47- BELGIUM Map 3: The Netherland
Page 62 and 63: - 49- When Gennany invaded Belgium
Page 64 and 65: - 51 - Kaiser's annies captured the
Page 66 and 67: - 53- To this end, the Dutch placed
Page 68: - 55 - CONCLUSION In August 1914, t
Page 71 and 72: - 58 - invaders. The inundations we
Page 73 and 74: - GO- from paying others to do thei
Page 75 and 76: - 62- understanding that nations wa
Page 77 and 78: - 64 - H. P. Staal (1905 to 1907),
Page 79 and 80: - 66- highlights how High Command f
Page 81 and 82: - 68- all men aged between 20 and 4
Page 83 and 84: - 70- the age of 25 who had not yet
Page 85 and 86: - 72 - hours military training a we
Page 87 and 88: - 74- Illustration 4: General C. J.
Page 89 and 90: - 76 - and van Terwisga were import
Page 91: - 78- naval troops (including its l
Page 96 and 97: FORTIFICATION New Holland Waterline
Page 98 and 99: PROVINCES - 85 - peripheral areas.
Page 100 and 101: - 87 - had access to ten howitzers
Page 102 and 103: - 89- the military units in being i
Page 104 and 105: - 91 - the international debate sUl
Page 106 and 107: - 93- four had arrived so far from
Page 108 and 109: - 95- established part of its milit
Page 110 and 111: Chapter 3 - Api Api: The Mobilisati
Page 112 and 113: - 99- Schlieffen Plan. By this day,
Page 114 and 115: - 101 - fact that the Netherlands d
Page 116 and 117: - 103 - landweer of the conscript i
Page 118 and 119: - 105 - foreign naval ships attempt
Page 120 and 121: - 107- heightened tension and possi
Page 122 and 123: - 109 - declarations. They gathered
Page 124 and 125: - 111 - about the war. He explained
Page 126 and 127: - 113- Reserve Banle to lower its s
Page 128 and 129: - 115 - Most troops were able to tr
Page 130 and 131: - 117- cartridges; however, only 80
Page 132 and 133: - 119 - Many of the supply problems
Page 134 and 135: - 121 - negligible number. The spee
Page 136 and 137: - 123 - Another requisition was org
Page 138 and 139: - 125 - removed families from their
Page 140 and 141: - 127 - countries had relatively eq
Page 142 and 143: - Chapter 4 - Calm Amidst the Ragin
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- 131 - Once the war did not end by
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- 133 - Map 9: Position of the Fiel
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- 135 - Like the Army, the Navy als
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- 137 - I do not have to re-emphasi
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- 139 - the will of the entire cabi
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- 141 - by Helmuth von Moltke's vol
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- 143 - German equivalents on the o
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- 145 - with the Gennan Krupps manu
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- 147- military preparations. At an
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- 149 - denying the event, although
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- 151 - Camite Internatianale des S
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- 153 - Germany.89 As of 5 August,
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- 155 - over both sides of the wate
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- 157 - could not be used in an off
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- 159 - bombs causing damage to a f
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- 161 - could not ensure Queen Wilh
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- 163 - Netherlands would do its ut
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- 165 - internment, along the south
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- 167 - certain problems. During th
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- 169 - front. In fact, a number of
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- 171 - many of the wounded back wi
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- 174 - Eventually, out of chaos ca
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- 176 - and complained of profiteer
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- 178- Dutch agreed to let intemees
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- 180 - for their men. 93 At times
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- 182 - The POW agreement in 1917 a
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- 184 - for them in Bergen. 121 The
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- 186- during the war,135 enabling
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- 188 - exodus described by one his
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- 190 - responsibility was almost e
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- 192 - burning villages to the gro
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- 194 - mid-1918, Belgians sought e
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- 196 - course of planning, Snijder
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- Chapter 6 - Territorial Neutralit
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- 200- corresponding pressure on th
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- 202- the contraband list well bey
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- 204 - Allied demands with much gr
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- Z06- did not keep to the arrangem
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- 208- obtained theirs straight fro
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- 210 - guaranteeing that the goods
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- ZIZ - the Belgian town of Zeebrug
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- 214 - Tubantia by a Gelman torped
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- 216 - fishing vessels. A total of
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- 218- even removed all custom duti
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-zzo- minimum. What was even more w
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- 222- ports. 140 In the words of o
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- 224- delayed. 154 It was not unti
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- ZZ6- pennitted. In August 1917, t
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- ZZ8 - southern border and that, i
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- 230- and it elicited considerable
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- 232 - obtain valuable aid from th
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- 234- of spies; from hunting restr
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- 236 - would be responsible for mi
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- 238- equipment to cut down trees.
Page 253 and 254:
- 240- legal requirements. As the m
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- 242 - September 1914, in 1915, sm
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- 244 - replacement workers. Cabine
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- 246- the inherent contradictions
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- 248 - municipal councils, mayors
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- 250- civilian authorities. They h
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- 252 - 1914 to enhance the Netherl
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- 254- and that he must make his su
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- 256- powers to the armed forces.
Page 271 and 272:
- Chapter 8 - Ash-Grey with Neutral
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- 260- 1915, border guards arrested
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- 262 - because they were contraban
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- ZG4- supplies?7 An exception was
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1914 1915 1916 1917 - 266- The smug
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- 268- Despite these harsher rules,
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- 270- threatened that if the Dutch
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- 274 - In reality, preventing inte
Page 289 and 290:
- 276- resistance of the population
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- 279 - volts. 134 Most definitely,
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- 281 - the deadly wires: hardly an
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- 283 - soil instead. 162 For the m
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- 287 - form. 189 The prints were r
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- 289- fact, commanders rarely used
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- 291 - LINES OF COMMUNICATION The
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- 293- requirement that a neutral n
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- 295 - sanctioned a meeting, he of
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- 297- siege" was, in fact, an extr
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- 299- the anned forces, their equi
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- 301 - owned 1,101, including outd
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- 303 - meet the needs of new consc
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- 305 - fortifications, wartime fun
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- 307 - fighting force including te
Page 322 and 323:
- 309- He realised all too well, th
Page 324 and 325:
- 311 - Nevertheless, it felt compe
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- 313 - clear signs that the econom
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- 315 - supplies. In other areas, c
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- 317 - Coal was drastically ration
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- 319 - (made from seaweed and muss
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- 321 - bars at a time, and that su
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- 323 - cities. 159 Given that 1918
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- 325 - uniforms quickly disappeare
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- 327- means of harnessing these fe
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196 Ibid. - 329- number of soldiers
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- 331 - The billeting of soldiers a
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- 333- months earlier when he procl
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- 336- smuggling, became more compr
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- 338 - were too young, inexperienc
Page 353 and 354:
- 341 - CONSCRIPTION AND RECRUITMEN
Page 355 and 356:
- 343 - changed considerably since
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- 345- June and July 1915, that the
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- 347- July 1916, much to the disgu
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- 349- LEAVE FOR ONE AND ALL Althou
Page 363 and 364:
- 351 - Furthennore, successive Min
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- 353 - 30 per cent (at least) of o
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- 355 - it proclaimed, without goin
Page 369 and 370:
- 357 - was there any need to keep
Page 371 and 372:
- 359 - The demobilisation lobby, w
Page 373 and 374:
- 361 - compromise the safety of ce
Page 375 and 376:
- 363 - sites (in case the internee
Page 377 and 378:
- 365 - rest were all on indefinite
Page 379 and 380:
- 368 - between the Commander-in-Ch
Page 381 and 382:
- 370- spreading, in the last month
Page 383 and 384:
- 372 - The mayor of Amsterdam was
Page 385 and 386:
- 374 - quelled through a mix of mi
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- 376- 1919) for a month (from July
Page 389 and 390:
- 378- then it was more likely that
Page 391 and 392:
- 380 - down their alms and refuse
Page 393 and 394:
- 382- to entice soldiers into extr
Page 395 and 396:
- 384 - carriages, causing urn-est
Page 397 and 398:
- 386- the riots. 90 The commission
Page 399 and 400:
- 388- in the newspapers only made
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- 390- associates.!07 It was not th
Page 403 and 404:
- 392 - the two was defined by thei
Page 405 and 406:
- 394- The different meanings make
Page 407 and 408:
- 396 - done so. Nevertheless, in t
Page 409 and 410:
- 398 - saluting was either promote
Page 411 and 412:
- Chapter 12 - Not a Day Too Late:
Page 413 and 414:
- 402 - called any day. 8 Both men
Page 415 and 416:
- 404- in disarray. IS The potentia
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- 406 - above involved revolutionar
Page 419 and 420:
- 408- the cabinet and Snijders. Th
Page 421 and 422:
- 410- The Harskamp mutiny started
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- 412 - defeatist, and feared that
Page 425 and 426:
- 414 - Snij del" s report of 29 Ma
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- 416 - powerful and long-lasting d
Page 429 and 430:
- 418 - confidence in the Commander
Page 431 and 432:
- 420- belligerent powers signed th
Page 433 and 434:
- 422- complete innocence afterward
Page 435 and 436:
- 424 - several occasions between N
Page 437 and 438:
- 4ZG- government. 104 It was Brita
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- 428- landstorm on a voluntary bas
Page 441 and 442:
- 430- DEMOBILISATION The attempted
Page 443 and 444:
- 432 - (demobilisatieparken).134 H
Page 445 and 446:
- 434 - Illustration 17: German sol
Page 447 and 448:
- 436- In the aftermath of the Limb
Page 449 and 450:
- 438 - that the threat of war had
Page 451 and 452:
- 440 - survive through future stor
Page 453 and 454:
- 442 - and sovereignty. After Apri
Page 455 and 456:
- 444 - To ensure the cherished pea
Page 457 and 458:
- 446 - In a similar vein, the cond
Page 459 and 460:
- 448- war, militmy authority would
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DUTCH Generaal Lieutenant -Generaal
Page 463 and 464:
ORGANISATION Headqualiers Four Divi
Page 465 and 466:
DATE Ju130 Ju131 Aug 1 Aug 2 Aug 3
Page 467:
Article 18 - 456- OVERVIEW OF THE N
Page 470 and 471:
ARTICLE Article 1 Article 2 Article
Page 472 and 473:
- Appendix 9 STATE OF WAR AND SIEGE
Page 474 and 475:
- Appendix 10 - MOBILISATION AND LE
Page 476 and 477:
- 465- MOBILISATION AND LEAVE FOR M
Page 478:
- 467- ARA, "Geheim en Kabinetsarch
Page 481 and 482:
- 470- Militair-Rechtelijk Tijdschr
Page 483 and 484:
- 472- Grinnell-Milne, Duncan An Es
Page 485:
- 474- Smit, C. (ed.) Bescheiden be
Page 489 and 490:
- 478- Bauwens, A. R., Devroe, C.,
Page 491 and 492:
- 480- Centre de recherche de I'His
Page 493 and 494:
Fridenson, Patrick (ed.) The French
Page 495 and 496:
- 484- Horst, Han van der The low s
Page 497 and 498:
- 486- Lambert, Audrey M. The Makin
Page 499 and 500:
- 488- Peet, Anselm J. van der Bela
Page 501 and 502:
- 490- Stoelinga, Thomas Herman Joz
Page 503 and 504:
- 492 - Wels, Cornelis Boudewijn Al
Page 505 and 506:
- 494 - Bavel, D. T. A. van "Het tr
Page 507 and 508:
- 496- Bosmans, J. "De kroon aan he
Page 509 and 510:
- 498- Darian-Smith, Kate "Remember
Page 512 and 513:
- 501 - Gregory, Adrian "Lost gener
Page 514 and 515:
- 503- Horne, John "Introduction: m
Page 516 and 517:
- 505- KIaauw, Bart van der "Unexpe
Page 518 and 519:
- 507- Lith, Hans van "Albert Hahn:
Page 520 and 521:
- 509- Methorst, H. W. "The cost of
Page 522 and 523:
- 511 - Ridder van Rappard, L. R. J
Page 524 and 525:
- 513- Schulten, C. M. "The Netherl
Page 526 and 527:
- 515 - Snijders, C. J. "De Nederla
Page 529 and 530:
- 518- Verseput, J. "Gevolgen van d
Page 532 and 533:
- 521 - Winter, J. M. "Research Rep
Page 534:
- 523 - Pruntel, Hendrik Bereiken w
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