Between the devil and the deep blue sea - University of Canterbury

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- 195 - proven that the men were recruited were the Dutch able to detain them. 197 As a result, most movements by Belgians to Britain went ahead unhindered. Map 16: Refugee camps (dark grey) and grellscollcelltratieplaatsell (light grey) (Source: Commander of the Field Atmy to Commanders of Divisions III and IV, Cavahy Brigade, and Limburg, 16 October 1918, in ARA, "Archiefvan het Hoofdkwm1ier Veldleger", ently no. 2.13.16, inventory no. 372) In 1918, the General Staff prepared a plan of action in case the war forced another refugee exodus upon the Netherlands. This time, the Dutch would not have adequate supplies of food, blankets, medicine, or fuel to look after and transport the evacuees. In the 197 Telegram from Commander-in-Chiefto Territorial Commander in Zeeland, 5 November 1914, in ARA, "Archieven van de Generale Star' entry no. 2.13.70, inventory no. 37.
- 196 - course of planning, Snijders toyed with the idea of moving refugees straight to Vlissingen where ships could take them to the Allied side of the Westem Front. 198 Ultimately, he authorised the establishment of grensconcentratieplaatsen (literally "border concentration sites"), which had many of the same functions as the processing posts for foreign soldiers. All refugees were sent to one of the grensconcentratieplaatsen for a Red Cross medical check and registration by military personnel, before they travelled on to those municipalities able to feed and house them. 199 He also made plans to use empty intemment camps for refugees, although reiterating that Dutch troops would not be responsible for looking after any refugees for more than ten days?OO Not until the last few months of war was the Netherlands encumbered with another refugee problem. From September 1918 onwards, around 40,000 French and Belgian civilians fled the war front in Northem France and Belgium as the Allied annies forced a Gennan retreat. 201 The refugees came in small enough numbers to be manageable. Although the Army ran the grensconcentratieplaatsen and regulated refugee transports, relief committees and the govemment provided all food and other supplies. 202 Once the refugees reached their billets - they could not be sent to the cities because food shortages in 1918 were severe _203 the military involvement ceased and civilians took over. As plmmed, some of the refugees ended up in unused intemment camps. For example, Gaasterland housed 1,000 French men, women and children. 204 The refugee relief effort came at considerable cost to the Dutch taxpayer. On 9 October 1914, the govemment made 1100,000 available to pay for any expenses incurred by the municipalities. This was supposed to act as a supplement to money donated by 198 Commander-in-Chief, "Nota betreffende het vluchtenlingen-vraagstuk" [Note regarding the refugee question] 24 October 1918, in ARA, "Archieven van de Generale Staf' entry no. 2.l3.70, inventory no. 5. 199 M. Mazel, "Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis" [The Dutch Red Cross] in Bas (ed.), Gedellkboek 1898 -1923 p. 1085. 200 Commander-in-Chiefto T. G. D. L. [7], 17 October 1918, in ARA, "Archiefvan het Hoofdkwartier Veldleger" entry no. 2.13.16, inventory no. 372. 201 Officially 40,000 French refugees were registered in the Netherlands in 1918 (Zanten, "De zorg voor vluchtelingen" p. 350; Flier, War Finances p. 60; Roodt, Oorlogsgasten p. 346). According to Evelyn de Roodt, it is very possible that anything up to 20,000 more unregistered refugees could have found their way into the country as well (Oorlogsgasten p. 346). 202 Commander of the Field Army to Commander-in-Chief, 18 October 1918, in ARA, "Archief van het Hoofdkwartier Veldleger" entry no. 2.13.16, inventory no. 372. 203 Commander of the Field Army to Commanders of Division III, IV and Cavalry Brigade, Commander in Limburg, 16 October 1918, in ARA, "Archiefvan het Hoofdkwartier Veldleger" entry no. 2.13.16, inventory no. 372. 204 Roodt, Oorlogsgasten p. 45.
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BETWEEN THE DEVIL AND THE DEEP BLUE
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Orange Dots in the Sky Conclusion 3
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- iv- CONCLUSION: CAUGHT BETWEEN TH
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Illustration 9: The electric fence
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- Note on Citations - Where possibl
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- Acl
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- xii- offering accommodation, comp
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- 2 - The years 1914 to 1918 illust
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- 4- and 1919. As we shall see, dur
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- 6- their rhetoric, were also unde
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- 8 - Another favourite theme for p
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- 10- here. 25 As a result, the Dut
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- 12 - MEMORIALISING THE GREAT WAR,
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- 14 - socialised activity".43 Afte
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- 16 - Committee), the association
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- 18 - The commemorative behaviour
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- 20- consciousness, and that even
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- 23- of his contemporaries attempt
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- 27 - from flawless in detail and
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- 29 - the war experiences of the v
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- 31 - Chapter 4 introduces the int
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- 33 - The inability to keep up wit
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- 35 - for the proclaimed non-belli
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- 37- during a general war involvin
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- 39- there seemed to be every reas
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- 41 - The advantages of neutrality
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- 43 - goods went ahead unhindered.
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- 45- territorial advantage to an a
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- 47- BELGIUM Map 3: The Netherland
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- 49- When Gennany invaded Belgium
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- 51 - Kaiser's annies captured the
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- 53- To this end, the Dutch placed
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- 55 - CONCLUSION In August 1914, t
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- 58 - invaders. The inundations we
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- GO- from paying others to do thei
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- 62- understanding that nations wa
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- 64 - H. P. Staal (1905 to 1907),
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- 66- highlights how High Command f
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- 68- all men aged between 20 and 4
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- 70- the age of 25 who had not yet
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- 72 - hours military training a we
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- 74- Illustration 4: General C. J.
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- 76 - and van Terwisga were import
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- 78- naval troops (including its l
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- 81 - Map 7: The ajivachtingsopste
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FORTIFICATION New Holland Waterline
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PROVINCES - 85 - peripheral areas.
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- 87 - had access to ten howitzers
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- 89- the military units in being i
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- 91 - the international debate sUl
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- 93- four had arrived so far from
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- 95- established part of its milit
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Chapter 3 - Api Api: The Mobilisati
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- 99- Schlieffen Plan. By this day,
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- 101 - fact that the Netherlands d
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- 103 - landweer of the conscript i
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- 105 - foreign naval ships attempt
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- 107- heightened tension and possi
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- 109 - declarations. They gathered
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- 111 - about the war. He explained
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- 113- Reserve Banle to lower its s
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- 115 - Most troops were able to tr
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- 117- cartridges; however, only 80
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- 119 - Many of the supply problems
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- 121 - negligible number. The spee
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- 123 - Another requisition was org
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- 125 - removed families from their
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- 127 - countries had relatively eq
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- Chapter 4 - Calm Amidst the Ragin
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- 131 - Once the war did not end by
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- 133 - Map 9: Position of the Fiel
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- 135 - Like the Army, the Navy als
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- 137 - I do not have to re-emphasi
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- 139 - the will of the entire cabi
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- 141 - by Helmuth von Moltke's vol
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- 143 - German equivalents on the o
Page 158 and 159: - 145 - with the Gennan Krupps manu
Page 160 and 161: - 147- military preparations. At an
Page 162 and 163: - 149 - denying the event, although
Page 164 and 165: - 151 - Camite Internatianale des S
Page 166 and 167: - 153 - Germany.89 As of 5 August,
Page 168 and 169: - 155 - over both sides of the wate
Page 170 and 171: - 157 - could not be used in an off
Page 172 and 173: - 159 - bombs causing damage to a f
Page 174 and 175: - 161 - could not ensure Queen Wilh
Page 176 and 177: - 163 - Netherlands would do its ut
Page 178 and 179: - 165 - internment, along the south
Page 180 and 181: - 167 - certain problems. During th
Page 182 and 183: - 169 - front. In fact, a number of
Page 184 and 185: - 171 - many of the wounded back wi
Page 187 and 188: - 174 - Eventually, out of chaos ca
Page 189 and 190: - 176 - and complained of profiteer
Page 191 and 192: - 178- Dutch agreed to let intemees
Page 193 and 194: - 180 - for their men. 93 At times
Page 195 and 196: - 182 - The POW agreement in 1917 a
Page 197 and 198: - 184 - for them in Bergen. 121 The
Page 199 and 200: - 186- during the war,135 enabling
Page 201 and 202: - 188 - exodus described by one his
Page 203 and 204: - 190 - responsibility was almost e
Page 205 and 206: - 192 - burning villages to the gro
Page 207: - 194 - mid-1918, Belgians sought e
Page 211 and 212: - Chapter 6 - Territorial Neutralit
Page 213 and 214: - 200- corresponding pressure on th
Page 215 and 216: - 202- the contraband list well bey
Page 217 and 218: - 204 - Allied demands with much gr
Page 219 and 220: - Z06- did not keep to the arrangem
Page 221 and 222: - 208- obtained theirs straight fro
Page 223 and 224: - 210 - guaranteeing that the goods
Page 225 and 226: - ZIZ - the Belgian town of Zeebrug
Page 227 and 228: - 214 - Tubantia by a Gelman torped
Page 229 and 230: - 216 - fishing vessels. A total of
Page 231 and 232: - 218- even removed all custom duti
Page 233 and 234: -zzo- minimum. What was even more w
Page 235 and 236: - 222- ports. 140 In the words of o
Page 237 and 238: - 224- delayed. 154 It was not unti
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Page 243 and 244: - 230- and it elicited considerable
Page 245 and 246: - 232 - obtain valuable aid from th
Page 247 and 248: - 234- of spies; from hunting restr
Page 249 and 250: - 236 - would be responsible for mi
Page 251 and 252: - 238- equipment to cut down trees.
Page 253 and 254: - 240- legal requirements. As the m
Page 255 and 256: - 242 - September 1914, in 1915, sm
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- 246- the inherent contradictions
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- 248 - municipal councils, mayors
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- 250- civilian authorities. They h
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- 252 - 1914 to enhance the Netherl
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- 254- and that he must make his su
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- 256- powers to the armed forces.
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- Chapter 8 - Ash-Grey with Neutral
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- 260- 1915, border guards arrested
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- 262 - because they were contraban
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- ZG4- supplies?7 An exception was
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1914 1915 1916 1917 - 266- The smug
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- 268- Despite these harsher rules,
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- 270- threatened that if the Dutch
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- 274 - In reality, preventing inte
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- 276- resistance of the population
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- 279 - volts. 134 Most definitely,
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- 281 - the deadly wires: hardly an
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- 283 - soil instead. 162 For the m
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- 287 - form. 189 The prints were r
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- 289- fact, commanders rarely used
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- 291 - LINES OF COMMUNICATION The
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- 293- requirement that a neutral n
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- 295 - sanctioned a meeting, he of
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- 297- siege" was, in fact, an extr
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- 299- the anned forces, their equi
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- 301 - owned 1,101, including outd
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- 303 - meet the needs of new consc
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- 305 - fortifications, wartime fun
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- 307 - fighting force including te
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- 309- He realised all too well, th
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- 311 - Nevertheless, it felt compe
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- 313 - clear signs that the econom
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- 315 - supplies. In other areas, c
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- 317 - Coal was drastically ration
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- 319 - (made from seaweed and muss
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- 321 - bars at a time, and that su
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- 323 - cities. 159 Given that 1918
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- 325 - uniforms quickly disappeare
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- 327- means of harnessing these fe
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196 Ibid. - 329- number of soldiers
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- 331 - The billeting of soldiers a
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- 333- months earlier when he procl
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- 336- smuggling, became more compr
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- 338 - were too young, inexperienc
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- 341 - CONSCRIPTION AND RECRUITMEN
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- 343 - changed considerably since
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- 345- June and July 1915, that the
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- 347- July 1916, much to the disgu
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- 349- LEAVE FOR ONE AND ALL Althou
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- 351 - Furthennore, successive Min
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- 353 - 30 per cent (at least) of o
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- 355 - it proclaimed, without goin
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- 357 - was there any need to keep
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- 359 - The demobilisation lobby, w
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- 361 - compromise the safety of ce
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- 363 - sites (in case the internee
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- 365 - rest were all on indefinite
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- 368 - between the Commander-in-Ch
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- 370- spreading, in the last month
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- 372 - The mayor of Amsterdam was
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- 374 - quelled through a mix of mi
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- 376- 1919) for a month (from July
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- 378- then it was more likely that
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- 380 - down their alms and refuse
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- 382- to entice soldiers into extr
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- 384 - carriages, causing urn-est
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- 386- the riots. 90 The commission
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- 388- in the newspapers only made
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- 390- associates.!07 It was not th
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- 392 - the two was defined by thei
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- 394- The different meanings make
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- 396 - done so. Nevertheless, in t
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- 398 - saluting was either promote
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- Chapter 12 - Not a Day Too Late:
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- 402 - called any day. 8 Both men
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- 404- in disarray. IS The potentia
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- 406 - above involved revolutionar
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- 408- the cabinet and Snijders. Th
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- 410- The Harskamp mutiny started
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- 412 - defeatist, and feared that
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- 414 - Snij del" s report of 29 Ma
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- 416 - powerful and long-lasting d
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- 418 - confidence in the Commander
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- 420- belligerent powers signed th
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- 422- complete innocence afterward
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- 424 - several occasions between N
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- 4ZG- government. 104 It was Brita
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- 428- landstorm on a voluntary bas
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- 430- DEMOBILISATION The attempted
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- 432 - (demobilisatieparken).134 H
Page 445 and 446:
- 434 - Illustration 17: German sol
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- 436- In the aftermath of the Limb
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- 438 - that the threat of war had
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- 440 - survive through future stor
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- 442 - and sovereignty. After Apri
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- 444 - To ensure the cherished pea
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- 446 - In a similar vein, the cond
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- 448- war, militmy authority would
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DUTCH Generaal Lieutenant -Generaal
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ORGANISATION Headqualiers Four Divi
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DATE Ju130 Ju131 Aug 1 Aug 2 Aug 3
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Article 18 - 456- OVERVIEW OF THE N
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ARTICLE Article 1 Article 2 Article
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- Appendix 9 STATE OF WAR AND SIEGE
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- Appendix 10 - MOBILISATION AND LE
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- 465- MOBILISATION AND LEAVE FOR M
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- 467- ARA, "Geheim en Kabinetsarch
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- 470- Militair-Rechtelijk Tijdschr
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- 472- Grinnell-Milne, Duncan An Es
Page 485:
- 474- Smit, C. (ed.) Bescheiden be
Page 489 and 490:
- 478- Bauwens, A. R., Devroe, C.,
Page 491 and 492:
- 480- Centre de recherche de I'His
Page 493 and 494:
Fridenson, Patrick (ed.) The French
Page 495 and 496:
- 484- Horst, Han van der The low s
Page 497 and 498:
- 486- Lambert, Audrey M. The Makin
Page 499 and 500:
- 488- Peet, Anselm J. van der Bela
Page 501 and 502:
- 490- Stoelinga, Thomas Herman Joz
Page 503 and 504:
- 492 - Wels, Cornelis Boudewijn Al
Page 505 and 506:
- 494 - Bavel, D. T. A. van "Het tr
Page 507 and 508:
- 496- Bosmans, J. "De kroon aan he
Page 509 and 510:
- 498- Darian-Smith, Kate "Remember
Page 512 and 513:
- 501 - Gregory, Adrian "Lost gener
Page 514 and 515:
- 503- Horne, John "Introduction: m
Page 516 and 517:
- 505- KIaauw, Bart van der "Unexpe
Page 518 and 519:
- 507- Lith, Hans van "Albert Hahn:
Page 520 and 521:
- 509- Methorst, H. W. "The cost of
Page 522 and 523:
- 511 - Ridder van Rappard, L. R. J
Page 524 and 525:
- 513- Schulten, C. M. "The Netherl
Page 526 and 527:
- 515 - Snijders, C. J. "De Nederla
Page 529 and 530:
- 518- Verseput, J. "Gevolgen van d
Page 532 and 533:
- 521 - Winter, J. M. "Research Rep
Page 534:
- 523 - Pruntel, Hendrik Bereiken w
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