Between the devil and the deep blue sea - University of Canterbury

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- 467- ARA, "Geheim en Kabinetsarchiefvan hetMinisterie van Binnenlandse Zaken 1814 - 1949" [Secret and cabinet archive of the Ministry ofInternal Affairs 1814 - 1949] entry no. 2.04.26.02. ARA, "Geheim verbaal-archiefvan hetministerie van OorlogIDefensie en daarbij gedeponeerde bescheiden 1813 - 1844, 1905 - 1945" [Secret verbal archive of the Ministry of War IDe fence and of its registered documents] entry no. 2.13.67. ARA, "Kabinetsarchief e. a. van het Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken 1871 - 1940 (Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken, Kabinet en Protocol, 1871 - 1940)" [Cabinet archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1871 - 1940 (also known as Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Cabinet and Protocol, 1871 - 1940)] entry no. 2.05.18. ARA, "Koninklijke Landmacht. Archiefvan hetHoofdkwartier Veldleger" [Royal Netherlands' Army. Archive of the Headquarters of the Field Army] entry no. 2.13.16. ARA, "Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken 'A' dossiers. A 250. Europese Oorlog 1914 - 1918" [Ministry of Foreign Affairs 'A' files. A 250. European War 1914 - 1918] entry no. 2.05.04. ARA, "Papieren vanjhr mr B. C. de Jonge" [The papers ofjhr mr B. C. de Jonge] entry no. 2.21.095. ARA, "Papieren van mr. H. P. Marchant" [Papers ofmr H. P. Marchant] entry no. 2.21.117. ARA, "Requisitie Aangelegenheden Amerika, 1915 - 1939" [Requisition matters America, 1915 - 1939] entry no. 2.13.49.02. GEMEENfEARCHIEF (MUNICIPAL ARCHIVE), ZWOLLE [GAZ] GAZ, "Archief Comite Ontwikkeling en Ontspanning Gemobiliseerden" [Committee for the Development and Relaxation of Mobilised Soldiers] inventory no. CA 037. GAZ, "Archief Gemeente Politie" [Archive municipal police] inventory no. DA 003. GAZ, "ArchiefSchietver. 'Volksweerbaarheid'" [Archive shooting society 'Volksweerbaarheid'] inventory no. VA 071. GAZ, "ArchiefZwolse Vrijwillige Burgerwacht" [Archive Zwolse volunteer guards] inventory no. VA 012. HAAGS GEMEENTEARCHIEF (MUNICIPAL ARCHIVE), THE HAGUE Gemeenteraad 1921,1922,1932 [Municipal council records, 1921, 1922, 1932] LEGERMUSEUM (ARMY MUSEUM), DELIT [LMD] Folder, "Documenten uit den 1ste Wereldoorlog" [Documents from the First World War] reference no. Q194-40. Folder, "Plakboeken 1914118 No.1 tm 10" [Scrapbooks 1914/18 no. 1 to 10] reference no. QI93-40. MUSEE ROYAL DE L' ARMEE ET D'HISTOIRE MrLITAIRE, CENTRE DU DOCUMENTATION/KONINKLIJK MUSEUM VAN HET LEGER EN DE KRrJGSGESCHIEDENIS, DOCUMENTATIECENTRUM, BRUSSELS [KLM] KLM, "Belgique. Infanterie Internees en Hollande Justice Militaire. Belgie. Geinterneerden in Nederland Krijgsgerecht" photo collection, B. 1. 105 - 107. KLM, "Internes Belges en Hollande. Photos de camps, personnes, groupes" photo collection [no numbers]. KLM, "Inventaris der Archieffonds, 1914 - 1918. I Personalia" [Inventory of the archives, 1914 - 1918. I Personalia]. NEDERLANDS INSTITUUT VOOR OORLOGSDOCUMENTATIE (NETHERLANDS' INSTITUTE FOR WAR DOCUMENTATION), AMSTERDAM [NIOD] NIOD, "Nederland 1914 - 1918. 37A: Algemeen" [The Netherlands 1914 - 1918. 37A: General] photo collection 37A. NIOD, "Nederland militair 1914 - 1918. lA: Algemeen" [The Netherlands militarily 1914 - 1918. lA: General] photo collection lA, (photos from the Prins archive).
Page 1 and 2:
BETWEEN THE DEVIL AND THE DEEP BLUE
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Orange Dots in the Sky Conclusion 3
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- iv- CONCLUSION: CAUGHT BETWEEN TH
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Illustration 9: The electric fence
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- Note on Citations - Where possibl
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- Acl
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- xii- offering accommodation, comp
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- 2 - The years 1914 to 1918 illust
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- 4- and 1919. As we shall see, dur
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- 6- their rhetoric, were also unde
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- 8 - Another favourite theme for p
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- 10- here. 25 As a result, the Dut
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- 12 - MEMORIALISING THE GREAT WAR,
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- 14 - socialised activity".43 Afte
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- 16 - Committee), the association
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- 18 - The commemorative behaviour
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- 20- consciousness, and that even
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- 23- of his contemporaries attempt
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- 27 - from flawless in detail and
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- 29 - the war experiences of the v
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- 31 - Chapter 4 introduces the int
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- 33 - The inability to keep up wit
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- 35 - for the proclaimed non-belli
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- 37- during a general war involvin
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- 39- there seemed to be every reas
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- 41 - The advantages of neutrality
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- 43 - goods went ahead unhindered.
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- 45- territorial advantage to an a
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- 47- BELGIUM Map 3: The Netherland
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- 49- When Gennany invaded Belgium
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- 51 - Kaiser's annies captured the
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- 53- To this end, the Dutch placed
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- 55 - CONCLUSION In August 1914, t
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- 58 - invaders. The inundations we
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- GO- from paying others to do thei
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- 62- understanding that nations wa
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- 64 - H. P. Staal (1905 to 1907),
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- 66- highlights how High Command f
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- 68- all men aged between 20 and 4
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- 70- the age of 25 who had not yet
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- 72 - hours military training a we
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- 74- Illustration 4: General C. J.
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- 76 - and van Terwisga were import
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- 78- naval troops (including its l
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- 81 - Map 7: The ajivachtingsopste
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FORTIFICATION New Holland Waterline
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PROVINCES - 85 - peripheral areas.
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- 87 - had access to ten howitzers
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- 89- the military units in being i
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- 91 - the international debate sUl
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- 93- four had arrived so far from
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- 95- established part of its milit
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Chapter 3 - Api Api: The Mobilisati
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- 99- Schlieffen Plan. By this day,
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- 101 - fact that the Netherlands d
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- 103 - landweer of the conscript i
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- 105 - foreign naval ships attempt
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- 107- heightened tension and possi
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- 109 - declarations. They gathered
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- 111 - about the war. He explained
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- 113- Reserve Banle to lower its s
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- 115 - Most troops were able to tr
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- 117- cartridges; however, only 80
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- 119 - Many of the supply problems
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- 121 - negligible number. The spee
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- 123 - Another requisition was org
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- 125 - removed families from their
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- 127 - countries had relatively eq
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- Chapter 4 - Calm Amidst the Ragin
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- 131 - Once the war did not end by
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- 133 - Map 9: Position of the Fiel
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- 135 - Like the Army, the Navy als
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- 137 - I do not have to re-emphasi
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- 139 - the will of the entire cabi
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- 141 - by Helmuth von Moltke's vol
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- 143 - German equivalents on the o
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- 145 - with the Gennan Krupps manu
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- 147- military preparations. At an
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- 149 - denying the event, although
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- 151 - Camite Internatianale des S
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- 153 - Germany.89 As of 5 August,
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- 155 - over both sides of the wate
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- 157 - could not be used in an off
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- 159 - bombs causing damage to a f
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- 161 - could not ensure Queen Wilh
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- 163 - Netherlands would do its ut
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- 165 - internment, along the south
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- 167 - certain problems. During th
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- 169 - front. In fact, a number of
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- 171 - many of the wounded back wi
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- 174 - Eventually, out of chaos ca
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- 176 - and complained of profiteer
Page 191 and 192:
- 178- Dutch agreed to let intemees
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- 180 - for their men. 93 At times
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- 182 - The POW agreement in 1917 a
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- 184 - for them in Bergen. 121 The
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- 186- during the war,135 enabling
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- 188 - exodus described by one his
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- 190 - responsibility was almost e
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- 192 - burning villages to the gro
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- 194 - mid-1918, Belgians sought e
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- 196 - course of planning, Snijder
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- Chapter 6 - Territorial Neutralit
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- 200- corresponding pressure on th
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- 202- the contraband list well bey
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- 204 - Allied demands with much gr
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- Z06- did not keep to the arrangem
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- 208- obtained theirs straight fro
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- 210 - guaranteeing that the goods
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- ZIZ - the Belgian town of Zeebrug
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- 214 - Tubantia by a Gelman torped
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- 216 - fishing vessels. A total of
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- 218- even removed all custom duti
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-zzo- minimum. What was even more w
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- 222- ports. 140 In the words of o
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- 224- delayed. 154 It was not unti
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- ZZ6- pennitted. In August 1917, t
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- ZZ8 - southern border and that, i
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- 230- and it elicited considerable
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- 232 - obtain valuable aid from th
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- 234- of spies; from hunting restr
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- 236 - would be responsible for mi
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- 238- equipment to cut down trees.
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- 240- legal requirements. As the m
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- 242 - September 1914, in 1915, sm
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- 244 - replacement workers. Cabine
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- 246- the inherent contradictions
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- 248 - municipal councils, mayors
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- 250- civilian authorities. They h
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- 252 - 1914 to enhance the Netherl
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- 254- and that he must make his su
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- 256- powers to the armed forces.
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- Chapter 8 - Ash-Grey with Neutral
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- 260- 1915, border guards arrested
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- 262 - because they were contraban
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- ZG4- supplies?7 An exception was
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1914 1915 1916 1917 - 266- The smug
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- 268- Despite these harsher rules,
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- 270- threatened that if the Dutch
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- 274 - In reality, preventing inte
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- 276- resistance of the population
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- 279 - volts. 134 Most definitely,
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- 281 - the deadly wires: hardly an
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- 283 - soil instead. 162 For the m
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- 287 - form. 189 The prints were r
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- 289- fact, commanders rarely used
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- 291 - LINES OF COMMUNICATION The
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- 293- requirement that a neutral n
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- 295 - sanctioned a meeting, he of
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- 297- siege" was, in fact, an extr
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- 299- the anned forces, their equi
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- 301 - owned 1,101, including outd
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- 303 - meet the needs of new consc
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- 305 - fortifications, wartime fun
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- 307 - fighting force including te
Page 322 and 323:
- 309- He realised all too well, th
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- 311 - Nevertheless, it felt compe
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- 313 - clear signs that the econom
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- 315 - supplies. In other areas, c
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- 317 - Coal was drastically ration
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- 319 - (made from seaweed and muss
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- 321 - bars at a time, and that su
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- 323 - cities. 159 Given that 1918
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- 325 - uniforms quickly disappeare
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- 327- means of harnessing these fe
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196 Ibid. - 329- number of soldiers
Page 344 and 345:
- 331 - The billeting of soldiers a
Page 346 and 347:
- 333- months earlier when he procl
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- 336- smuggling, became more compr
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- 338 - were too young, inexperienc
Page 353 and 354:
- 341 - CONSCRIPTION AND RECRUITMEN
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- 343 - changed considerably since
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- 345- June and July 1915, that the
Page 359 and 360:
- 347- July 1916, much to the disgu
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- 349- LEAVE FOR ONE AND ALL Althou
Page 363 and 364:
- 351 - Furthennore, successive Min
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- 353 - 30 per cent (at least) of o
Page 367 and 368:
- 355 - it proclaimed, without goin
Page 369 and 370:
- 357 - was there any need to keep
Page 371 and 372:
- 359 - The demobilisation lobby, w
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- 361 - compromise the safety of ce
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- 363 - sites (in case the internee
Page 377 and 378:
- 365 - rest were all on indefinite
Page 379 and 380:
- 368 - between the Commander-in-Ch
Page 381 and 382:
- 370- spreading, in the last month
Page 383 and 384:
- 372 - The mayor of Amsterdam was
Page 385 and 386:
- 374 - quelled through a mix of mi
Page 387 and 388:
- 376- 1919) for a month (from July
Page 389 and 390:
- 378- then it was more likely that
Page 391 and 392:
- 380 - down their alms and refuse
Page 393 and 394:
- 382- to entice soldiers into extr
Page 395 and 396:
- 384 - carriages, causing urn-est
Page 397 and 398:
- 386- the riots. 90 The commission
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- 388- in the newspapers only made
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- 390- associates.!07 It was not th
Page 403 and 404:
- 392 - the two was defined by thei
Page 405 and 406:
- 394- The different meanings make
Page 407 and 408:
- 396 - done so. Nevertheless, in t
Page 409 and 410:
- 398 - saluting was either promote
Page 411 and 412:
- Chapter 12 - Not a Day Too Late:
Page 413 and 414:
- 402 - called any day. 8 Both men
Page 415 and 416:
- 404- in disarray. IS The potentia
Page 417 and 418:
- 406 - above involved revolutionar
Page 419 and 420:
- 408- the cabinet and Snijders. Th
Page 421 and 422:
- 410- The Harskamp mutiny started
Page 423 and 424:
- 412 - defeatist, and feared that
Page 425 and 426:
- 414 - Snij del" s report of 29 Ma
Page 427 and 428: - 416 - powerful and long-lasting d
Page 429 and 430: - 418 - confidence in the Commander
Page 431 and 432: - 420- belligerent powers signed th
Page 433 and 434: - 422- complete innocence afterward
Page 435 and 436: - 424 - several occasions between N
Page 437 and 438: - 4ZG- government. 104 It was Brita
Page 439 and 440: - 428- landstorm on a voluntary bas
Page 441 and 442: - 430- DEMOBILISATION The attempted
Page 443 and 444: - 432 - (demobilisatieparken).134 H
Page 445 and 446: - 434 - Illustration 17: German sol
Page 447 and 448: - 436- In the aftermath of the Limb
Page 449 and 450: - 438 - that the threat of war had
Page 451 and 452: - 440 - survive through future stor
Page 453 and 454: - 442 - and sovereignty. After Apri
Page 455 and 456: - 444 - To ensure the cherished pea
Page 457 and 458: - 446 - In a similar vein, the cond
Page 459 and 460: - 448- war, militmy authority would
Page 461 and 462: DUTCH Generaal Lieutenant -Generaal
Page 463 and 464: ORGANISATION Headqualiers Four Divi
Page 465 and 466: DATE Ju130 Ju131 Aug 1 Aug 2 Aug 3
Page 467: Article 18 - 456- OVERVIEW OF THE N
Page 470 and 471: ARTICLE Article 1 Article 2 Article
Page 472 and 473: - Appendix 9 STATE OF WAR AND SIEGE
Page 474 and 475: - Appendix 10 - MOBILISATION AND LE
Page 476 and 477: - 465- MOBILISATION AND LEAVE FOR M
Page 480 and 481: - 469- SAD, "Stukken betr. maatrege
Page 482 and 483: - 471 - Abel, F. E. L. A. (ed.) 1.
Page 484 and 485: - 473- Nederlandsche Anti-Oorlog Ra
Page 488 and 489: - 477- Aerts, Remieg, Bohl, Herman
Page 490 and 491: - 479- Bossenbroek, Martin, Kruisho
Page 492 and 493: - 481 - Duke, A. C., Tamse, C. A. (
Page 494 and 495: - 483- Hardach, Gerd The First Worl
Page 496 and 497: - 485- Keller, G. N.o.T. The Nether
Page 498 and 499: - 487- Moeyes, Paul Buiten Schot. N
Page 500 and 501: - 489- Sas, N. C. F. van (ed.) De k
Page 502 and 503: - 491 - Tuyll van Serooskerken, Hub
Page 504 and 505: - 493- Zwitzer, H. L. Comptabilitei
Page 506 and 507: - 495- Bles,H. de "De Koninklijke M
Page 508 and 509: - 497- Buijs, J. "De spoorbrug bij
Page 510: - 499- Dunl{, H. W. von der "Nederl
Page 513 and 514: - 502- Heckscher, Eli, Bergendal Ku
Page 515 and 516: - 504 - Jeffery, Keith "The Great W
Page 517 and 518: - 506- Kramer, Vincent "Het ijzeren
Page 519 and 520: - 508- Marwick, Arthur "Total war a
Page 521 and 522: - 510- Olthof, G. H. J. M. "Contemp
Page 523 and 524: - 512 - Sas, Guido 't "A Neutral Ar
Page 525 and 526: - 514- Smit, C. "Nederland in de Ze
Page 527: - 516- Tallier, Pierre Alain "De Be
Page 530:
- 519- Vromans, A. G. "Een uitreis
Page 533 and 534:
- 522- BijI, E. L. "Belgische vluch
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