Between the devil and the deep blue sea - University of Canterbury

More documents

Recommendations

Info

001 - Table of Contents - TABLE OF CONTENTS i LIST OF MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS v LIST OF TABLES vii NOTES ON CITATIONS viii ABSTRACT ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS x INTRODUCTION: A PLACE SELDOM VISITED: THE GREAT WAR AND THE 1 NETHERLANDS Historians and the Netherlands in the Great War Contemporary Perspectives on the Great War Memorialising the Great War, 1919 - 1939 Eliminating Great War Memory, May 1940 In Smit's Wake Dutch Neutrality, the Military and the War 1. A NATION Too SMALL TO COMMIT GREAT STUPIDITIES: THE NETHERLANDS AND NEUTRALITY, 1813 - 1918 The Allure of Neutrality The Cornerstone of North-West Europe Dutch Neutrality During the Great War Conclusion Z. A PACK OF LIONS: THE MOBILISED ARMY AND NAVY - 2 OCT znoz Having to Do One's Duty Not True Reserves: Landweer Troops The Safety Net: the Landstorm Few and Far Between: Voluntary Landstorm Corps At the Top of the Hierarchy Field Anny, Garrison and Territorial Troops Guns and Aliillery Policing the Force Whoever Said ''Navy'' Meant "the Indies" 3 7 12 19 21 29 39 44 52 55 60 65 67 70 73 79 85 87 89 34 56
Orange Dots in the Sky Conclusion 3. API API: THE MOBILISATION, JULY - AUGUST 1914 - ii - Fire Fire On the Eve of War, 25 - 31 July All Soldiers Mobilise With Speed Soldiers, Soldiers Everywhere, 1 - 3 August Horses, Dogs and Houses An Undivided Positive Impression 4. CALM AMIDST THE RAGING WAVES: DEFENDING NEUTRALITY Neutrality or Defence? Deterrence External Threats and the Neutrality Declaration Limburg: Protecting Territorial Integrity on Land The Schelde and Eems: Protecting Territorial Integrity on Water Protecting Territorial Integrity in the Air Neutrality Violations With Deadly Consequences Conclusion 5. FUGITIVES OF WAR: INTERNEES, POWS, AND REFUGEES All but a Prisoner of War From a Trickle to a Flood Interned Goods An Evacuation Without Precedent Conclusion 92 95 99 102 108 113 122 125 131 140 145 147 151 157 158 162 165 170 185 187 197 6. TERRITORIAL NEUTRALITY IS NOT ENOUGH: THE MILITARY AND ECONOMIC NEUTRALITY Endeavouring to Starve Gennany: the Allied Blockade 201 Policing Economic Neutrality 207 War Calls for Drastic Means: Gennany's U-boat Campaigns 212 Between a Rock and a Hard Place: the Law of Angary 220 An Unusual Response: a Neutral Convoy 223 The Notorious Question of Sand and Gravel 224 Conclusion 229 7. SOMEWHERE BETWEEN WAR AND PEACE: THE STATES OF WAR AND 231 SIEGE The War Law of 1899 The "State of War" and "Siege" in August 1914 The Convenience of the "State of Siege" Who Has the Jurisdiction to Do What? 234 236 241 245 97 129 164 198
Page 1: BETWEEN THE DEVIL AND THE DEEP BLUE
Page 5 and 6: - iv- CONCLUSION: CAUGHT BETWEEN TH
Page 7 and 8: Illustration 9: The electric fence
Page 9 and 10: - Note on Citations - Where possibl
Page 11 and 12: - Acl
Page 13 and 14: - xii- offering accommodation, comp
Page 15 and 16: - 2 - The years 1914 to 1918 illust
Page 17 and 18: - 4- and 1919. As we shall see, dur
Page 19 and 20: - 6- their rhetoric, were also unde
Page 21 and 22: - 8 - Another favourite theme for p
Page 23 and 24: - 10- here. 25 As a result, the Dut
Page 25 and 26: - 12 - MEMORIALISING THE GREAT WAR,
Page 27 and 28: - 14 - socialised activity".43 Afte
Page 29 and 30: - 16 - Committee), the association
Page 31 and 32: - 18 - The commemorative behaviour
Page 33: - 20- consciousness, and that even
Page 36: - 23- of his contemporaries attempt
Page 40 and 41: - 27 - from flawless in detail and
Page 42 and 43: - 29 - the war experiences of the v
Page 44 and 45: - 31 - Chapter 4 introduces the int
Page 46 and 47: - 33 - The inability to keep up wit
Page 48 and 49: - 35 - for the proclaimed non-belli
Page 50 and 51: - 37- during a general war involvin
Page 52 and 53:
- 39- there seemed to be every reas
Page 54 and 55:
- 41 - The advantages of neutrality
Page 56 and 57:
- 43 - goods went ahead unhindered.
Page 58 and 59:
- 45- territorial advantage to an a
Page 60 and 61:
- 47- BELGIUM Map 3: The Netherland
Page 62 and 63:
- 49- When Gennany invaded Belgium
Page 64 and 65:
- 51 - Kaiser's annies captured the
Page 66 and 67:
- 53- To this end, the Dutch placed
Page 68:
- 55 - CONCLUSION In August 1914, t
Page 71 and 72:
- 58 - invaders. The inundations we
Page 73 and 74:
- GO- from paying others to do thei
Page 75 and 76:
- 62- understanding that nations wa
Page 77 and 78:
- 64 - H. P. Staal (1905 to 1907),
Page 79 and 80:
- 66- highlights how High Command f
Page 81 and 82:
- 68- all men aged between 20 and 4
Page 83 and 84:
- 70- the age of 25 who had not yet
Page 85 and 86:
- 72 - hours military training a we
Page 87 and 88:
- 74- Illustration 4: General C. J.
Page 89 and 90:
- 76 - and van Terwisga were import
Page 91:
- 78- naval troops (including its l
Page 94 and 95:
- 81 - Map 7: The ajivachtingsopste
Page 96 and 97:
FORTIFICATION New Holland Waterline
Page 98 and 99:
PROVINCES - 85 - peripheral areas.
Page 100 and 101:
- 87 - had access to ten howitzers
Page 102 and 103:
- 89- the military units in being i
Page 104 and 105:
- 91 - the international debate sUl
Page 106 and 107:
- 93- four had arrived so far from
Page 108 and 109:
- 95- established part of its milit
Page 110 and 111:
Chapter 3 - Api Api: The Mobilisati
Page 112 and 113:
- 99- Schlieffen Plan. By this day,
Page 114 and 115:
- 101 - fact that the Netherlands d
Page 116 and 117:
- 103 - landweer of the conscript i
Page 118 and 119:
- 105 - foreign naval ships attempt
Page 120 and 121:
- 107- heightened tension and possi
Page 122 and 123:
- 109 - declarations. They gathered
Page 124 and 125:
- 111 - about the war. He explained
Page 126 and 127:
- 113- Reserve Banle to lower its s
Page 128 and 129:
- 115 - Most troops were able to tr
Page 130 and 131:
- 117- cartridges; however, only 80
Page 132 and 133:
- 119 - Many of the supply problems
Page 134 and 135:
- 121 - negligible number. The spee
Page 136 and 137:
- 123 - Another requisition was org
Page 138 and 139:
- 125 - removed families from their
Page 140 and 141:
- 127 - countries had relatively eq
Page 142 and 143:
- Chapter 4 - Calm Amidst the Ragin
Page 144 and 145:
- 131 - Once the war did not end by
Page 146 and 147:
- 133 - Map 9: Position of the Fiel
Page 148 and 149:
- 135 - Like the Army, the Navy als
Page 150 and 151:
- 137 - I do not have to re-emphasi
Page 152 and 153:
- 139 - the will of the entire cabi
Page 154 and 155:
- 141 - by Helmuth von Moltke's vol
Page 156 and 157:
- 143 - German equivalents on the o
Page 158 and 159:
- 145 - with the Gennan Krupps manu
Page 160 and 161:
- 147- military preparations. At an
Page 162 and 163:
- 149 - denying the event, although
Page 164 and 165:
- 151 - Camite Internatianale des S
Page 166 and 167:
- 153 - Germany.89 As of 5 August,
Page 168 and 169:
- 155 - over both sides of the wate
Page 170 and 171:
- 157 - could not be used in an off
Page 172 and 173:
- 159 - bombs causing damage to a f
Page 174 and 175:
- 161 - could not ensure Queen Wilh
Page 176 and 177:
- 163 - Netherlands would do its ut
Page 178 and 179:
- 165 - internment, along the south
Page 180 and 181:
- 167 - certain problems. During th
Page 182 and 183:
- 169 - front. In fact, a number of
Page 184 and 185:
- 171 - many of the wounded back wi
Page 187 and 188:
- 174 - Eventually, out of chaos ca
Page 189 and 190:
- 176 - and complained of profiteer
Page 191 and 192:
- 178- Dutch agreed to let intemees
Page 193 and 194:
- 180 - for their men. 93 At times
Page 195 and 196:
- 182 - The POW agreement in 1917 a
Page 197 and 198:
- 184 - for them in Bergen. 121 The
Page 199 and 200:
- 186- during the war,135 enabling
Page 201 and 202:
- 188 - exodus described by one his
Page 203 and 204:
- 190 - responsibility was almost e
Page 205 and 206:
- 192 - burning villages to the gro
Page 207 and 208:
- 194 - mid-1918, Belgians sought e
Page 209 and 210:
- 196 - course of planning, Snijder
Page 211 and 212:
- Chapter 6 - Territorial Neutralit
Page 213 and 214:
- 200- corresponding pressure on th
Page 215 and 216:
- 202- the contraband list well bey
Page 217 and 218:
- 204 - Allied demands with much gr
Page 219 and 220:
- Z06- did not keep to the arrangem
Page 221 and 222:
- 208- obtained theirs straight fro
Page 223 and 224:
- 210 - guaranteeing that the goods
Page 225 and 226:
- ZIZ - the Belgian town of Zeebrug
Page 227 and 228:
- 214 - Tubantia by a Gelman torped
Page 229 and 230:
- 216 - fishing vessels. A total of
Page 231 and 232:
- 218- even removed all custom duti
Page 233 and 234:
-zzo- minimum. What was even more w
Page 235 and 236:
- 222- ports. 140 In the words of o
Page 237 and 238:
- 224- delayed. 154 It was not unti
Page 239 and 240:
- ZZ6- pennitted. In August 1917, t
Page 241 and 242:
- ZZ8 - southern border and that, i
Page 243 and 244:
- 230- and it elicited considerable
Page 245 and 246:
- 232 - obtain valuable aid from th
Page 247 and 248:
- 234- of spies; from hunting restr
Page 249 and 250:
- 236 - would be responsible for mi
Page 251 and 252:
- 238- equipment to cut down trees.
Page 253 and 254:
- 240- legal requirements. As the m
Page 255 and 256:
- 242 - September 1914, in 1915, sm
Page 257 and 258:
- 244 - replacement workers. Cabine
Page 259 and 260:
- 246- the inherent contradictions
Page 261 and 262:
- 248 - municipal councils, mayors
Page 263 and 264:
- 250- civilian authorities. They h
Page 265 and 266:
- 252 - 1914 to enhance the Netherl
Page 267 and 268:
- 254- and that he must make his su
Page 269 and 270:
- 256- powers to the armed forces.
Page 271 and 272:
- Chapter 8 - Ash-Grey with Neutral
Page 273 and 274:
- 260- 1915, border guards arrested
Page 275 and 276:
- 262 - because they were contraban
Page 277 and 278:
- ZG4- supplies?7 An exception was
Page 279 and 280:
1914 1915 1916 1917 - 266- The smug
Page 281 and 282:
- 268- Despite these harsher rules,
Page 283:
- 270- threatened that if the Dutch
Page 287 and 288:
- 274 - In reality, preventing inte
Page 289 and 290:
- 276- resistance of the population
Page 292 and 293:
- 279 - volts. 134 Most definitely,
Page 294 and 295:
- 281 - the deadly wires: hardly an
Page 296:
- 283 - soil instead. 162 For the m
Page 300 and 301:
- 287 - form. 189 The prints were r
Page 302 and 303:
- 289- fact, commanders rarely used
Page 304 and 305:
- 291 - LINES OF COMMUNICATION The
Page 306 and 307:
- 293- requirement that a neutral n
Page 308 and 309:
- 295 - sanctioned a meeting, he of
Page 310 and 311:
- 297- siege" was, in fact, an extr
Page 312 and 313:
- 299- the anned forces, their equi
Page 314 and 315:
- 301 - owned 1,101, including outd
Page 316 and 317:
- 303 - meet the needs of new consc
Page 318 and 319:
- 305 - fortifications, wartime fun
Page 320 and 321:
- 307 - fighting force including te
Page 322 and 323:
- 309- He realised all too well, th
Page 324 and 325:
- 311 - Nevertheless, it felt compe
Page 326 and 327:
- 313 - clear signs that the econom
Page 328 and 329:
- 315 - supplies. In other areas, c
Page 330 and 331:
- 317 - Coal was drastically ration
Page 332 and 333:
- 319 - (made from seaweed and muss
Page 334 and 335:
- 321 - bars at a time, and that su
Page 336 and 337:
- 323 - cities. 159 Given that 1918
Page 338 and 339:
- 325 - uniforms quickly disappeare
Page 340 and 341:
- 327- means of harnessing these fe
Page 342 and 343:
196 Ibid. - 329- number of soldiers
Page 344 and 345:
- 331 - The billeting of soldiers a
Page 346 and 347:
- 333- months earlier when he procl
Page 348 and 349:
- 336- smuggling, became more compr
Page 350:
- 338 - were too young, inexperienc
Page 353 and 354:
- 341 - CONSCRIPTION AND RECRUITMEN
Page 355 and 356:
- 343 - changed considerably since
Page 357 and 358:
- 345- June and July 1915, that the
Page 359 and 360:
- 347- July 1916, much to the disgu
Page 361 and 362:
- 349- LEAVE FOR ONE AND ALL Althou
Page 363 and 364:
- 351 - Furthennore, successive Min
Page 365 and 366:
- 353 - 30 per cent (at least) of o
Page 367 and 368:
- 355 - it proclaimed, without goin
Page 369 and 370:
- 357 - was there any need to keep
Page 371 and 372:
- 359 - The demobilisation lobby, w
Page 373 and 374:
- 361 - compromise the safety of ce
Page 375 and 376:
- 363 - sites (in case the internee
Page 377 and 378:
- 365 - rest were all on indefinite
Page 379 and 380:
- 368 - between the Commander-in-Ch
Page 381 and 382:
- 370- spreading, in the last month
Page 383 and 384:
- 372 - The mayor of Amsterdam was
Page 385 and 386:
- 374 - quelled through a mix of mi
Page 387 and 388:
- 376- 1919) for a month (from July
Page 389 and 390:
- 378- then it was more likely that
Page 391 and 392:
- 380 - down their alms and refuse
Page 393 and 394:
- 382- to entice soldiers into extr
Page 395 and 396:
- 384 - carriages, causing urn-est
Page 397 and 398:
- 386- the riots. 90 The commission
Page 399 and 400:
- 388- in the newspapers only made
Page 401 and 402:
- 390- associates.!07 It was not th
Page 403 and 404:
- 392 - the two was defined by thei
Page 405 and 406:
- 394- The different meanings make
Page 407 and 408:
- 396 - done so. Nevertheless, in t
Page 409 and 410:
- 398 - saluting was either promote
Page 411 and 412:
- Chapter 12 - Not a Day Too Late:
Page 413 and 414:
- 402 - called any day. 8 Both men
Page 415 and 416:
- 404- in disarray. IS The potentia
Page 417 and 418:
- 406 - above involved revolutionar
Page 419 and 420:
- 408- the cabinet and Snijders. Th
Page 421 and 422:
- 410- The Harskamp mutiny started
Page 423 and 424:
- 412 - defeatist, and feared that
Page 425 and 426:
- 414 - Snij del" s report of 29 Ma
Page 427 and 428:
- 416 - powerful and long-lasting d
Page 429 and 430:
- 418 - confidence in the Commander
Page 431 and 432:
- 420- belligerent powers signed th
Page 433 and 434:
- 422- complete innocence afterward
Page 435 and 436:
- 424 - several occasions between N
Page 437 and 438:
- 4ZG- government. 104 It was Brita
Page 439 and 440:
- 428- landstorm on a voluntary bas
Page 441 and 442:
- 430- DEMOBILISATION The attempted
Page 443 and 444:
- 432 - (demobilisatieparken).134 H
Page 445 and 446:
- 434 - Illustration 17: German sol
Page 447 and 448:
- 436- In the aftermath of the Limb
Page 449 and 450:
- 438 - that the threat of war had
Page 451 and 452:
- 440 - survive through future stor
Page 453 and 454:
- 442 - and sovereignty. After Apri
Page 455 and 456:
- 444 - To ensure the cherished pea
Page 457 and 458:
- 446 - In a similar vein, the cond
Page 459 and 460:
- 448- war, militmy authority would
Page 461 and 462:
DUTCH Generaal Lieutenant -Generaal
Page 463 and 464:
ORGANISATION Headqualiers Four Divi
Page 465 and 466:
DATE Ju130 Ju131 Aug 1 Aug 2 Aug 3
Page 467:
Article 18 - 456- OVERVIEW OF THE N
Page 470 and 471:
ARTICLE Article 1 Article 2 Article
Page 472 and 473:
- Appendix 9 STATE OF WAR AND SIEGE
Page 474 and 475:
- Appendix 10 - MOBILISATION AND LE
Page 476 and 477:
- 465- MOBILISATION AND LEAVE FOR M
Page 478:
- 467- ARA, "Geheim en Kabinetsarch
Page 481 and 482:
- 470- Militair-Rechtelijk Tijdschr
Page 483 and 484:
- 472- Grinnell-Milne, Duncan An Es
Page 485:
- 474- Smit, C. (ed.) Bescheiden be
Page 489 and 490:
- 478- Bauwens, A. R., Devroe, C.,
Page 491 and 492:
- 480- Centre de recherche de I'His
Page 493 and 494:
Fridenson, Patrick (ed.) The French
Page 495 and 496:
- 484- Horst, Han van der The low s
Page 497 and 498:
- 486- Lambert, Audrey M. The Makin
Page 499 and 500:
- 488- Peet, Anselm J. van der Bela
Page 501 and 502:
- 490- Stoelinga, Thomas Herman Joz
Page 503 and 504:
- 492 - Wels, Cornelis Boudewijn Al
Page 505 and 506:
- 494 - Bavel, D. T. A. van "Het tr
Page 507 and 508:
- 496- Bosmans, J. "De kroon aan he
Page 509 and 510:
- 498- Darian-Smith, Kate "Remember
Page 512 and 513:
- 501 - Gregory, Adrian "Lost gener
Page 514 and 515:
- 503- Horne, John "Introduction: m
Page 516 and 517:
- 505- KIaauw, Bart van der "Unexpe
Page 518 and 519:
- 507- Lith, Hans van "Albert Hahn:
Page 520 and 521:
- 509- Methorst, H. W. "The cost of
Page 522 and 523:
- 511 - Ridder van Rappard, L. R. J
Page 524 and 525:
- 513- Schulten, C. M. "The Netherl
Page 526 and 527:
- 515 - Snijders, C. J. "De Nederla
Page 529 and 530:
- 518- Verseput, J. "Gevolgen van d
Page 532 and 533:
- 521 - Winter, J. M. "Research Rep
Page 534:
- 523 - Pruntel, Hendrik Bereiken w
show all

Between the devil and the deep blue sea - University of Canterbury

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?