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- 399- exaggerated by bad press and prolific rumours. When news of the Harskamp rioting and disorders elsewhere spread late in October 1918, many Dutch saw it as a signal of the armed forces' descent into disorder and revolution. Trust in the military had reached a wartime low.
- Chapter 12 - Not a Day Too Late: Revolution, Armistice and Demobilisation The great moral achievement of the Dutch armed forces during four full years of standing on the brink in order to maintain our neutrality against possible breaches ... [was that] in general the fighting forces remained fight-worthy and held good morale 1 L. UijterscllOot (1935)' By September 1918, the situation on the Western Front had changed so much that a German victory was highly unlikely, if not entirely improbable. The Allied forces, now supported by American troops, made a series of important breakthroughs, obliging the Gennan aI111ies to retreat through Belgium towaI"ds GennaIlY. General Ludendorff, one of GennaI1Y's two Commanders-in-Chief, admitted the likelihood of defeat on 28 September, when he told Kaiser Wilhelm II that the country needed to seek an annistice. 2 As a result, Gennany took initial steps towards accepting a concord based on Woodrow Wilson's 14 points of peace. 3 In the Netherlands, military and civilian authorities acknowledged the changing war situation. They deemed the chances of entering the war to have diminished significantly. Interestingly enough, and unbeknownst to the Dutch, Great Britain now came closer than at any time earlier to involving the neutral in the conflict. Given that Gennany no longer held ascendancy, some British military leaders claimed in a meeting of the NOlihern Neutrals Committee in October, it was unable to prevent an Allied invasion of the Netherlands. In other words, for the first time, the Allies could reap the strategic advantages of invading the neutral without worrying about the response of their enemy. These advantages were not negligible: easy water access to Belgium and Gennany through the 1 "[D]e groote moreele prestatie van de Nederlandse weermacht om gedurende vier volle jaren op de bres te staan voor de handhaving van onze neutraliteit tegen mogelijke schending .... over 't geheel genomen zijn de strijdmachten gevechtswaardig gebleven, met behoud van goed moreel." (Uijterschout, BelolOpt Overzicht p. 446). 2 Alan Palmer, The Kaiser. Warlord of the Second Reich. London: Phoenix Giant, 1978, p. 206. 3 Hendrik Jan Scheffer, November 1918. JOllrnaal van een revollltie die /liet doorging. [November 1918. Diary of a revolution that did not eventuate] Utrecht: De Bataafsche Leeuw, 1984, p. 18.
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BETWEEN THE DEVIL AND THE DEEP BLUE
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Orange Dots in the Sky Conclusion 3
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- iv- CONCLUSION: CAUGHT BETWEEN TH
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Illustration 9: The electric fence
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- Note on Citations - Where possibl
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- Acl
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- xii- offering accommodation, comp
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- 2 - The years 1914 to 1918 illust
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- 4- and 1919. As we shall see, dur
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- 6- their rhetoric, were also unde
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- 8 - Another favourite theme for p
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- 10- here. 25 As a result, the Dut
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- 12 - MEMORIALISING THE GREAT WAR,
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- 14 - socialised activity".43 Afte
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- 16 - Committee), the association
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- 18 - The commemorative behaviour
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- 20- consciousness, and that even
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- 23- of his contemporaries attempt
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- 27 - from flawless in detail and
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- 29 - the war experiences of the v
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- 31 - Chapter 4 introduces the int
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- 33 - The inability to keep up wit
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- 35 - for the proclaimed non-belli
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- 37- during a general war involvin
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- 39- there seemed to be every reas
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- 41 - The advantages of neutrality
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- 43 - goods went ahead unhindered.
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- 45- territorial advantage to an a
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- 47- BELGIUM Map 3: The Netherland
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- 49- When Gennany invaded Belgium
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- 51 - Kaiser's annies captured the
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- 53- To this end, the Dutch placed
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- 55 - CONCLUSION In August 1914, t
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- 58 - invaders. The inundations we
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- GO- from paying others to do thei
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- 62- understanding that nations wa
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- 64 - H. P. Staal (1905 to 1907),
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- 66- highlights how High Command f
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- 68- all men aged between 20 and 4
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- 70- the age of 25 who had not yet
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- 72 - hours military training a we
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- 74- Illustration 4: General C. J.
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- 76 - and van Terwisga were import
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- 78- naval troops (including its l
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- 81 - Map 7: The ajivachtingsopste
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FORTIFICATION New Holland Waterline
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PROVINCES - 85 - peripheral areas.
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- 87 - had access to ten howitzers
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- 89- the military units in being i
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- 91 - the international debate sUl
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- 93- four had arrived so far from
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- 95- established part of its milit
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Chapter 3 - Api Api: The Mobilisati
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- 99- Schlieffen Plan. By this day,
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- 101 - fact that the Netherlands d
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- 103 - landweer of the conscript i
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- 105 - foreign naval ships attempt
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- 107- heightened tension and possi
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- 109 - declarations. They gathered
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- 111 - about the war. He explained
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- 113- Reserve Banle to lower its s
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- 115 - Most troops were able to tr
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- 117- cartridges; however, only 80
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- 119 - Many of the supply problems
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- 121 - negligible number. The spee
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- 123 - Another requisition was org
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- 125 - removed families from their
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- 127 - countries had relatively eq
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- Chapter 4 - Calm Amidst the Ragin
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- 131 - Once the war did not end by
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- 133 - Map 9: Position of the Fiel
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- 135 - Like the Army, the Navy als
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- 137 - I do not have to re-emphasi
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- 139 - the will of the entire cabi
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- 141 - by Helmuth von Moltke's vol
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- 143 - German equivalents on the o
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- 145 - with the Gennan Krupps manu
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- 147- military preparations. At an
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- 149 - denying the event, although
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- 151 - Camite Internatianale des S
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- 153 - Germany.89 As of 5 August,
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- 155 - over both sides of the wate
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- 157 - could not be used in an off
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- 159 - bombs causing damage to a f
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- 161 - could not ensure Queen Wilh
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- 163 - Netherlands would do its ut
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- 165 - internment, along the south
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- 167 - certain problems. During th
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- 169 - front. In fact, a number of
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- 171 - many of the wounded back wi
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- 174 - Eventually, out of chaos ca
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- 176 - and complained of profiteer
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- 178- Dutch agreed to let intemees
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- 180 - for their men. 93 At times
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- 182 - The POW agreement in 1917 a
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- 184 - for them in Bergen. 121 The
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- 186- during the war,135 enabling
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- 188 - exodus described by one his
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- 190 - responsibility was almost e
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- 192 - burning villages to the gro
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- 194 - mid-1918, Belgians sought e
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- 196 - course of planning, Snijder
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- Chapter 6 - Territorial Neutralit
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- 200- corresponding pressure on th
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- 202- the contraband list well bey
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- 204 - Allied demands with much gr
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- Z06- did not keep to the arrangem
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- 208- obtained theirs straight fro
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- 210 - guaranteeing that the goods
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- ZIZ - the Belgian town of Zeebrug
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- 214 - Tubantia by a Gelman torped
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- 216 - fishing vessels. A total of
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- 218- even removed all custom duti
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-zzo- minimum. What was even more w
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- 222- ports. 140 In the words of o
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- 224- delayed. 154 It was not unti
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- ZZ6- pennitted. In August 1917, t
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- ZZ8 - southern border and that, i
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- 230- and it elicited considerable
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- 232 - obtain valuable aid from th
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- 234- of spies; from hunting restr
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- 236 - would be responsible for mi
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- 238- equipment to cut down trees.
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- 240- legal requirements. As the m
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- 242 - September 1914, in 1915, sm
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- 244 - replacement workers. Cabine
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- 246- the inherent contradictions
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- 248 - municipal councils, mayors
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- 250- civilian authorities. They h
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- 252 - 1914 to enhance the Netherl
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- 254- and that he must make his su
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- 256- powers to the armed forces.
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- Chapter 8 - Ash-Grey with Neutral
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- 260- 1915, border guards arrested
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- 262 - because they were contraban
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- ZG4- supplies?7 An exception was
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1914 1915 1916 1917 - 266- The smug
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- 268- Despite these harsher rules,
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- 270- threatened that if the Dutch
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- 274 - In reality, preventing inte
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- 276- resistance of the population
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- 279 - volts. 134 Most definitely,
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- 281 - the deadly wires: hardly an
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- 283 - soil instead. 162 For the m
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- 287 - form. 189 The prints were r
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- 289- fact, commanders rarely used
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- 291 - LINES OF COMMUNICATION The
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- 293- requirement that a neutral n
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- 295 - sanctioned a meeting, he of
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- 297- siege" was, in fact, an extr
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- 299- the anned forces, their equi
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- 301 - owned 1,101, including outd
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- 303 - meet the needs of new consc
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- 305 - fortifications, wartime fun
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- 307 - fighting force including te
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- 309- He realised all too well, th
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- 311 - Nevertheless, it felt compe
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- 313 - clear signs that the econom
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- 315 - supplies. In other areas, c
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- 317 - Coal was drastically ration
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- 319 - (made from seaweed and muss
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- 321 - bars at a time, and that su
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- 323 - cities. 159 Given that 1918
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- 325 - uniforms quickly disappeare
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- 327- means of harnessing these fe
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196 Ibid. - 329- number of soldiers
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- 331 - The billeting of soldiers a
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- 333- months earlier when he procl
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- 336- smuggling, became more compr
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- 338 - were too young, inexperienc
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- 341 - CONSCRIPTION AND RECRUITMEN
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- 343 - changed considerably since
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- 345- June and July 1915, that the
Page 359 and 360: - 347- July 1916, much to the disgu
Page 361 and 362: - 349- LEAVE FOR ONE AND ALL Althou
Page 363 and 364: - 351 - Furthennore, successive Min
Page 365 and 366: - 353 - 30 per cent (at least) of o
Page 367 and 368: - 355 - it proclaimed, without goin
Page 369 and 370: - 357 - was there any need to keep
Page 371 and 372: - 359 - The demobilisation lobby, w
Page 373 and 374: - 361 - compromise the safety of ce
Page 375 and 376: - 363 - sites (in case the internee
Page 377 and 378: - 365 - rest were all on indefinite
Page 379 and 380: - 368 - between the Commander-in-Ch
Page 381 and 382: - 370- spreading, in the last month
Page 383 and 384: - 372 - The mayor of Amsterdam was
Page 385 and 386: - 374 - quelled through a mix of mi
Page 387 and 388: - 376- 1919) for a month (from July
Page 389 and 390: - 378- then it was more likely that
Page 391 and 392: - 380 - down their alms and refuse
Page 393 and 394: - 382- to entice soldiers into extr
Page 395 and 396: - 384 - carriages, causing urn-est
Page 397 and 398: - 386- the riots. 90 The commission
Page 399 and 400: - 388- in the newspapers only made
Page 401 and 402: - 390- associates.!07 It was not th
Page 403 and 404: - 392 - the two was defined by thei
Page 405 and 406: - 394- The different meanings make
Page 407 and 408: - 396 - done so. Nevertheless, in t
Page 409: - 398 - saluting was either promote
Page 413 and 414: - 402 - called any day. 8 Both men
Page 415 and 416: - 404- in disarray. IS The potentia
Page 417 and 418: - 406 - above involved revolutionar
Page 419 and 420: - 408- the cabinet and Snijders. Th
Page 421 and 422: - 410- The Harskamp mutiny started
Page 423 and 424: - 412 - defeatist, and feared that
Page 425 and 426: - 414 - Snij del" s report of 29 Ma
Page 427 and 428: - 416 - powerful and long-lasting d
Page 429 and 430: - 418 - confidence in the Commander
Page 431 and 432: - 420- belligerent powers signed th
Page 433 and 434: - 422- complete innocence afterward
Page 435 and 436: - 424 - several occasions between N
Page 437 and 438: - 4ZG- government. 104 It was Brita
Page 439 and 440: - 428- landstorm on a voluntary bas
Page 441 and 442: - 430- DEMOBILISATION The attempted
Page 443 and 444: - 432 - (demobilisatieparken).134 H
Page 445 and 446: - 434 - Illustration 17: German sol
Page 447 and 448: - 436- In the aftermath of the Limb
Page 449 and 450: - 438 - that the threat of war had
Page 451 and 452: - 440 - survive through future stor
Page 453 and 454: - 442 - and sovereignty. After Apri
Page 455 and 456: - 444 - To ensure the cherished pea
Page 457 and 458: - 446 - In a similar vein, the cond
Page 459 and 460: - 448- war, militmy authority would
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DUTCH Generaal Lieutenant -Generaal
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ORGANISATION Headqualiers Four Divi
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DATE Ju130 Ju131 Aug 1 Aug 2 Aug 3
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Article 18 - 456- OVERVIEW OF THE N
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ARTICLE Article 1 Article 2 Article
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- Appendix 9 STATE OF WAR AND SIEGE
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- Appendix 10 - MOBILISATION AND LE
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- 465- MOBILISATION AND LEAVE FOR M
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- 467- ARA, "Geheim en Kabinetsarch
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- 470- Militair-Rechtelijk Tijdschr
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- 472- Grinnell-Milne, Duncan An Es
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- 474- Smit, C. (ed.) Bescheiden be
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- 478- Bauwens, A. R., Devroe, C.,
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- 480- Centre de recherche de I'His
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Fridenson, Patrick (ed.) The French
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- 484- Horst, Han van der The low s
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- 486- Lambert, Audrey M. The Makin
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- 488- Peet, Anselm J. van der Bela
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- 490- Stoelinga, Thomas Herman Joz
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- 492 - Wels, Cornelis Boudewijn Al
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- 494 - Bavel, D. T. A. van "Het tr
Page 507 and 508:
- 496- Bosmans, J. "De kroon aan he
Page 509 and 510:
- 498- Darian-Smith, Kate "Remember
Page 512 and 513:
- 501 - Gregory, Adrian "Lost gener
Page 514 and 515:
- 503- Horne, John "Introduction: m
Page 516 and 517:
- 505- KIaauw, Bart van der "Unexpe
Page 518 and 519:
- 507- Lith, Hans van "Albert Hahn:
Page 520 and 521:
- 509- Methorst, H. W. "The cost of
Page 522 and 523:
- 511 - Ridder van Rappard, L. R. J
Page 524 and 525:
- 513- Schulten, C. M. "The Netherl
Page 526 and 527:
- 515 - Snijders, C. J. "De Nederla
Page 529 and 530:
- 518- Verseput, J. "Gevolgen van d
Page 532 and 533:
- 521 - Winter, J. M. "Research Rep
Page 534:
- 523 - Pruntel, Hendrik Bereiken w
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