Between the devil and the deep blue sea - University of Canterbury

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- ZZ9- if they [the Dutch] really cannot prolong resistance without going to war with Gennany, we should not be disposed to regard as unneutral their submission in such circumstances to German demands. 184 Consequently, on 26 April 1918, the Allies agreed to abstain from interfering if the Dutch made conciliatory gestures to Germany, even if these gestures compromised strict neutrality. The next day, the Netherlands accepted Gennany's offer. 185 As of May 1918, transit of sand and gravel from Gennany to Belgium resumed unhindered. Dutch border troops were instructed that the materials could be let through unchecked, up to a maximum of 1,600,000 tonnes a year. 186 CONCLUSION In the end, the most ambiguous of neutrality issues, namely economic neutrality, brought the Netherlands to the brink of war. After years of chipping economic advantage away from the neutral, the belligerents went too far: the Allies by commandeering Dutch ships, the Central Powers by demanding unhindered transit across Dutch tenitory. The Netherlands lost any bargaining power it may have had, remaining vulnerable and exposed to their powerful neighbours. But the events of early 1918 also highlighted two very important elements of Dutch neutrality: firstly, that neither Great Britain nor Gennany wanted the Netherlands to enter the war on the other side; and secondly, that the ability of the amled forces to credibly uphold neutrality (where that was possible) was absolutely essential. While diplomats and govemments could quibble about whether to go to war or how many concessions to pennit, without the means to enforce any settlements, a neutral could not survive. By upholding the terms of the Agricultural Agreements, facilitating the convoy to the East Indies, safely conducting ships through the perilous vaargeul, and, most impOliantly, monitoring transit trade, the Dutch Anny and Navy showed their importance. In the extraordinary circumstances of the war years, safeguarding economic neutrality had become an essential pati of military operations, a role that must not be underestimated given the significance attached to economic warfare by all sides. As we shall see, taking responsibility for economic neutrality was not something that High Command welcomed, 184 British Foreign Secretary, Arthur James Balfour, 20 April 1918, as quoted in Porter, "Dutch Neutrality" p. 225. 185 Smit, Nederland in de Eerste Wereldoorlog. Derde deel p. 81. 186 Head Depatiment G. S. IV, "Instructie Controle-Officieren in werking tredende op 15 Juni 1918" in ARA, "Archieven van de Generale Star' entry no. 2.13.70, inventory no. 1484.
- 230- and it elicited considerable controversy at home as well, especially when the government invoked "state of war" and "siege" laws to prevent smuggling and other forms of illicit trade.
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BETWEEN THE DEVIL AND THE DEEP BLUE
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Orange Dots in the Sky Conclusion 3
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- iv- CONCLUSION: CAUGHT BETWEEN TH
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Illustration 9: The electric fence
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- Note on Citations - Where possibl
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- Acl
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- xii- offering accommodation, comp
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- 2 - The years 1914 to 1918 illust
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- 4- and 1919. As we shall see, dur
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- 6- their rhetoric, were also unde
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- 8 - Another favourite theme for p
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- 10- here. 25 As a result, the Dut
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- 12 - MEMORIALISING THE GREAT WAR,
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- 14 - socialised activity".43 Afte
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- 16 - Committee), the association
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- 18 - The commemorative behaviour
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- 20- consciousness, and that even
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- 23- of his contemporaries attempt
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- 27 - from flawless in detail and
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- 29 - the war experiences of the v
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- 31 - Chapter 4 introduces the int
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- 33 - The inability to keep up wit
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- 35 - for the proclaimed non-belli
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- 37- during a general war involvin
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- 39- there seemed to be every reas
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- 41 - The advantages of neutrality
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- 43 - goods went ahead unhindered.
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- 45- territorial advantage to an a
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- 47- BELGIUM Map 3: The Netherland
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- 49- When Gennany invaded Belgium
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- 51 - Kaiser's annies captured the
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- 53- To this end, the Dutch placed
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- 55 - CONCLUSION In August 1914, t
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- 58 - invaders. The inundations we
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- GO- from paying others to do thei
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- 62- understanding that nations wa
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- 64 - H. P. Staal (1905 to 1907),
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- 66- highlights how High Command f
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- 68- all men aged between 20 and 4
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- 70- the age of 25 who had not yet
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- 72 - hours military training a we
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- 74- Illustration 4: General C. J.
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- 76 - and van Terwisga were import
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- 78- naval troops (including its l
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- 81 - Map 7: The ajivachtingsopste
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FORTIFICATION New Holland Waterline
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PROVINCES - 85 - peripheral areas.
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- 87 - had access to ten howitzers
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- 89- the military units in being i
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- 91 - the international debate sUl
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- 93- four had arrived so far from
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- 95- established part of its milit
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Chapter 3 - Api Api: The Mobilisati
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- 99- Schlieffen Plan. By this day,
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- 101 - fact that the Netherlands d
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- 103 - landweer of the conscript i
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- 105 - foreign naval ships attempt
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- 107- heightened tension and possi
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- 109 - declarations. They gathered
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- 111 - about the war. He explained
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- 113- Reserve Banle to lower its s
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- 115 - Most troops were able to tr
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- 117- cartridges; however, only 80
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- 119 - Many of the supply problems
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- 121 - negligible number. The spee
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- 123 - Another requisition was org
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- 125 - removed families from their
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- 127 - countries had relatively eq
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- Chapter 4 - Calm Amidst the Ragin
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- 131 - Once the war did not end by
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- 133 - Map 9: Position of the Fiel
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- 135 - Like the Army, the Navy als
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- 137 - I do not have to re-emphasi
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- 139 - the will of the entire cabi
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- 141 - by Helmuth von Moltke's vol
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- 143 - German equivalents on the o
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- 145 - with the Gennan Krupps manu
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- 147- military preparations. At an
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- 149 - denying the event, although
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- 151 - Camite Internatianale des S
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- 153 - Germany.89 As of 5 August,
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- 155 - over both sides of the wate
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- 157 - could not be used in an off
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- 159 - bombs causing damage to a f
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- 161 - could not ensure Queen Wilh
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- 163 - Netherlands would do its ut
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- 165 - internment, along the south
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- 167 - certain problems. During th
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- 169 - front. In fact, a number of
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- 171 - many of the wounded back wi
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- 174 - Eventually, out of chaos ca
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- 176 - and complained of profiteer
Page 191 and 192: - 178- Dutch agreed to let intemees
Page 193 and 194: - 180 - for their men. 93 At times
Page 195 and 196: - 182 - The POW agreement in 1917 a
Page 197 and 198: - 184 - for them in Bergen. 121 The
Page 199 and 200: - 186- during the war,135 enabling
Page 201 and 202: - 188 - exodus described by one his
Page 203 and 204: - 190 - responsibility was almost e
Page 205 and 206: - 192 - burning villages to the gro
Page 207 and 208: - 194 - mid-1918, Belgians sought e
Page 209 and 210: - 196 - course of planning, Snijder
Page 211 and 212: - Chapter 6 - Territorial Neutralit
Page 213 and 214: - 200- corresponding pressure on th
Page 215 and 216: - 202- the contraband list well bey
Page 217 and 218: - 204 - Allied demands with much gr
Page 219 and 220: - Z06- did not keep to the arrangem
Page 221 and 222: - 208- obtained theirs straight fro
Page 223 and 224: - 210 - guaranteeing that the goods
Page 225 and 226: - ZIZ - the Belgian town of Zeebrug
Page 227 and 228: - 214 - Tubantia by a Gelman torped
Page 229 and 230: - 216 - fishing vessels. A total of
Page 231 and 232: - 218- even removed all custom duti
Page 233 and 234: -zzo- minimum. What was even more w
Page 235 and 236: - 222- ports. 140 In the words of o
Page 237 and 238: - 224- delayed. 154 It was not unti
Page 239 and 240: - ZZ6- pennitted. In August 1917, t
Page 241: - ZZ8 - southern border and that, i
Page 245 and 246: - 232 - obtain valuable aid from th
Page 247 and 248: - 234- of spies; from hunting restr
Page 249 and 250: - 236 - would be responsible for mi
Page 251 and 252: - 238- equipment to cut down trees.
Page 253 and 254: - 240- legal requirements. As the m
Page 255 and 256: - 242 - September 1914, in 1915, sm
Page 257 and 258: - 244 - replacement workers. Cabine
Page 259 and 260: - 246- the inherent contradictions
Page 261 and 262: - 248 - municipal councils, mayors
Page 263 and 264: - 250- civilian authorities. They h
Page 265 and 266: - 252 - 1914 to enhance the Netherl
Page 267 and 268: - 254- and that he must make his su
Page 269 and 270: - 256- powers to the armed forces.
Page 271 and 272: - Chapter 8 - Ash-Grey with Neutral
Page 273 and 274: - 260- 1915, border guards arrested
Page 275 and 276: - 262 - because they were contraban
Page 277 and 278: - ZG4- supplies?7 An exception was
Page 279 and 280: 1914 1915 1916 1917 - 266- The smug
Page 281 and 282: - 268- Despite these harsher rules,
Page 283: - 270- threatened that if the Dutch
Page 287 and 288: - 274 - In reality, preventing inte
Page 289 and 290: - 276- resistance of the population
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- 279 - volts. 134 Most definitely,
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- 281 - the deadly wires: hardly an
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- 283 - soil instead. 162 For the m
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- 287 - form. 189 The prints were r
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- 289- fact, commanders rarely used
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- 291 - LINES OF COMMUNICATION The
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- 293- requirement that a neutral n
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- 295 - sanctioned a meeting, he of
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- 297- siege" was, in fact, an extr
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- 299- the anned forces, their equi
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- 301 - owned 1,101, including outd
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- 303 - meet the needs of new consc
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- 305 - fortifications, wartime fun
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- 307 - fighting force including te
Page 322 and 323:
- 309- He realised all too well, th
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- 311 - Nevertheless, it felt compe
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- 313 - clear signs that the econom
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- 315 - supplies. In other areas, c
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- 317 - Coal was drastically ration
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- 319 - (made from seaweed and muss
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- 321 - bars at a time, and that su
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- 323 - cities. 159 Given that 1918
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- 325 - uniforms quickly disappeare
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- 327- means of harnessing these fe
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196 Ibid. - 329- number of soldiers
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- 331 - The billeting of soldiers a
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- 333- months earlier when he procl
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- 336- smuggling, became more compr
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- 338 - were too young, inexperienc
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- 341 - CONSCRIPTION AND RECRUITMEN
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- 343 - changed considerably since
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- 345- June and July 1915, that the
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- 347- July 1916, much to the disgu
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- 349- LEAVE FOR ONE AND ALL Althou
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- 351 - Furthennore, successive Min
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- 353 - 30 per cent (at least) of o
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- 355 - it proclaimed, without goin
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- 357 - was there any need to keep
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- 359 - The demobilisation lobby, w
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- 361 - compromise the safety of ce
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- 363 - sites (in case the internee
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- 365 - rest were all on indefinite
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- 368 - between the Commander-in-Ch
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- 370- spreading, in the last month
Page 383 and 384:
- 372 - The mayor of Amsterdam was
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- 374 - quelled through a mix of mi
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- 376- 1919) for a month (from July
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- 378- then it was more likely that
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- 380 - down their alms and refuse
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- 382- to entice soldiers into extr
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- 384 - carriages, causing urn-est
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- 386- the riots. 90 The commission
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- 388- in the newspapers only made
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- 390- associates.!07 It was not th
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- 392 - the two was defined by thei
Page 405 and 406:
- 394- The different meanings make
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- 396 - done so. Nevertheless, in t
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- 398 - saluting was either promote
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- Chapter 12 - Not a Day Too Late:
Page 413 and 414:
- 402 - called any day. 8 Both men
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- 404- in disarray. IS The potentia
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- 406 - above involved revolutionar
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- 408- the cabinet and Snijders. Th
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- 410- The Harskamp mutiny started
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- 412 - defeatist, and feared that
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- 414 - Snij del" s report of 29 Ma
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- 416 - powerful and long-lasting d
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- 418 - confidence in the Commander
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- 420- belligerent powers signed th
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- 422- complete innocence afterward
Page 435 and 436:
- 424 - several occasions between N
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- 4ZG- government. 104 It was Brita
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- 428- landstorm on a voluntary bas
Page 441 and 442:
- 430- DEMOBILISATION The attempted
Page 443 and 444:
- 432 - (demobilisatieparken).134 H
Page 445 and 446:
- 434 - Illustration 17: German sol
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- 436- In the aftermath of the Limb
Page 449 and 450:
- 438 - that the threat of war had
Page 451 and 452:
- 440 - survive through future stor
Page 453 and 454:
- 442 - and sovereignty. After Apri
Page 455 and 456:
- 444 - To ensure the cherished pea
Page 457 and 458:
- 446 - In a similar vein, the cond
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- 448- war, militmy authority would
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DUTCH Generaal Lieutenant -Generaal
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ORGANISATION Headqualiers Four Divi
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DATE Ju130 Ju131 Aug 1 Aug 2 Aug 3
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Article 18 - 456- OVERVIEW OF THE N
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ARTICLE Article 1 Article 2 Article
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- Appendix 9 STATE OF WAR AND SIEGE
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- Appendix 10 - MOBILISATION AND LE
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- 465- MOBILISATION AND LEAVE FOR M
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- 467- ARA, "Geheim en Kabinetsarch
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- 470- Militair-Rechtelijk Tijdschr
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- 472- Grinnell-Milne, Duncan An Es
Page 485:
- 474- Smit, C. (ed.) Bescheiden be
Page 489 and 490:
- 478- Bauwens, A. R., Devroe, C.,
Page 491 and 492:
- 480- Centre de recherche de I'His
Page 493 and 494:
Fridenson, Patrick (ed.) The French
Page 495 and 496:
- 484- Horst, Han van der The low s
Page 497 and 498:
- 486- Lambert, Audrey M. The Makin
Page 499 and 500:
- 488- Peet, Anselm J. van der Bela
Page 501 and 502:
- 490- Stoelinga, Thomas Herman Joz
Page 503 and 504:
- 492 - Wels, Cornelis Boudewijn Al
Page 505 and 506:
- 494 - Bavel, D. T. A. van "Het tr
Page 507 and 508:
- 496- Bosmans, J. "De kroon aan he
Page 509 and 510:
- 498- Darian-Smith, Kate "Remember
Page 512 and 513:
- 501 - Gregory, Adrian "Lost gener
Page 514 and 515:
- 503- Horne, John "Introduction: m
Page 516 and 517:
- 505- KIaauw, Bart van der "Unexpe
Page 518 and 519:
- 507- Lith, Hans van "Albert Hahn:
Page 520 and 521:
- 509- Methorst, H. W. "The cost of
Page 522 and 523:
- 511 - Ridder van Rappard, L. R. J
Page 524 and 525:
- 513- Schulten, C. M. "The Netherl
Page 526 and 527:
- 515 - Snijders, C. J. "De Nederla
Page 529 and 530:
- 518- Verseput, J. "Gevolgen van d
Page 532 and 533:
- 521 - Winter, J. M. "Research Rep
Page 534:
- 523 - Pruntel, Hendrik Bereiken w
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