Between the devil and the deep blue sea - University of Canterbury

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- 47- BELGIUM Map 3: The Netherlands and the Schlieffen Plan, 1905 and 1908 Nevertheless, Schlieffen's successor, Helmuth von Moltke, made a drastic change to the plan in 1908, avoiding Dutch territory entirely and squeezing all his armies through the small section of the Gennan-Belgian border instead. He had good reason. While crossing over Limburg made sense in logistical terms, allowing the Gennan annies to avoid the heavily defended fortifications at Liege (Luik) and giving five more railway lines into Belgium,38 it also meant that the Netherlands would be dragged into the war. The 200,000 men in the Dutch Anny - by no means a negligible number - would have to be defeated 38 Captain "Candid" of the Netherlands Army, An Episode of the Great War. The Limburg Manoeuvre of August 1914. A Study of the Strategic Position of Dutch-Limburg. Utrecht: Bruna, 1919, p. 12; Tuyll, The Netherlands and World War 1p. 27.
- 48 - before troops could move southwards towards France. 39 Since the speedy defeat of France was the initial goal, it might fatally delay the advance and furthermore undennine the ultimate purpose of the Schlieffen Plan. This aimed to conquer France as quickly as possible so that Germany could then concentrate its forces on the eastern frontier against France's ally Russia before it fully mobilised, and here the extra time and resources freed up by avoiding the Netherlands were crucial. At the same time, in acknowledgement of Britain's interest in the mouth of the Schelde, a Gennan invasion of the Netherlands through Limburg could precipitate an attack by Britain on the Schelde towards Antwerp, thereby throwing the rapid defeat of France and the success of the plan further into disarray.4o A second, and similarly prescient, reason for keeping the neutral out of a future war involved economics. 41 For von Moltke, the potential strangulation of Gennany's domestic economy through a blockade by Britain's Royal Navy figured prominently. Neutral countries could continue supplying foodstuffs and other materials (except for contraband), offsetting the disadvantages of the blockade. The Netherlands was especially important because Rotterdam was already the second most valuable gateway for overseas goods imported by Germany.42 As well, the potential opportunity of obtaining vital raw materials from the Dutch East Indies (especially quinine, rubber, tin and petroleumt 3 could not be ignored. Forcing the Netherlands into the war would see this trade go entirely to the Entente Cordia Ie instead. 44 It was much better, therefore, to keep the Netherlands neutral so that it could remain the economic "windpipe" through which Gennany could "breathe",45 at least while Gennany had not yet defeated Russia. 39 Tuyll, The Netherlands and World War I p. 26. 40 Frey, Del' Erste Weltkrieg und die Niederlande p. 38. 41 There is some debate on whether von Moltke had economic or strategic considerations in mind most when he altered the Schlieffen Plan in 1908-09 (J. A. FOliuin, "Nederland en het Schlieffenplan. Een onderzoeknaar de positie van Nederland in het Duitse aanvalsplan voor de Eerste Wereldoorlog" [The Netherlands and the Schlieffen Plan. An investigation into the position of the Netherlands in German military plans before the First World War] Militaire Spectator. 149, 1980, p. 32; Baer, "The Anglo-German antagonism and trade with Holland" p. 129; Tuyll, "The Dutch Mobilization"; Tuyll, The Netherlands and World War I pp. 24 - 28). No doubt, both factors were important although von Moltke's main concern would have been military expediency. 42 Frey, "Bullying the neutrals" p. 228. 43 Porter, "Dutch Neutrality" p. 100. 44 Vandenbosch, The Neutrality of the Netherlands p. 4. 45 "Es muss un sere Luftr6he bleiben, damit wir atmen k6nnen" (Helmuth von Moltke, in Schulten, "The Netherlands and its Army" p. 78)
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BETWEEN THE DEVIL AND THE DEEP BLUE
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Orange Dots in the Sky Conclusion 3
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- iv- CONCLUSION: CAUGHT BETWEEN TH
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Illustration 9: The electric fence
Page 9 and 10: - Note on Citations - Where possibl
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Page 13 and 14: - xii- offering accommodation, comp
Page 15 and 16: - 2 - The years 1914 to 1918 illust
Page 17 and 18: - 4- and 1919. As we shall see, dur
Page 19 and 20: - 6- their rhetoric, were also unde
Page 21 and 22: - 8 - Another favourite theme for p
Page 23 and 24: - 10- here. 25 As a result, the Dut
Page 25 and 26: - 12 - MEMORIALISING THE GREAT WAR,
Page 27 and 28: - 14 - socialised activity".43 Afte
Page 29 and 30: - 16 - Committee), the association
Page 31 and 32: - 18 - The commemorative behaviour
Page 33: - 20- consciousness, and that even
Page 36: - 23- of his contemporaries attempt
Page 40 and 41: - 27 - from flawless in detail and
Page 42 and 43: - 29 - the war experiences of the v
Page 44 and 45: - 31 - Chapter 4 introduces the int
Page 46 and 47: - 33 - The inability to keep up wit
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Page 52 and 53: - 39- there seemed to be every reas
Page 54 and 55: - 41 - The advantages of neutrality
Page 56 and 57: - 43 - goods went ahead unhindered.
Page 58 and 59: - 45- territorial advantage to an a
Page 62 and 63: - 49- When Gennany invaded Belgium
Page 64 and 65: - 51 - Kaiser's annies captured the
Page 66 and 67: - 53- To this end, the Dutch placed
Page 68: - 55 - CONCLUSION In August 1914, t
Page 71 and 72: - 58 - invaders. The inundations we
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Page 75 and 76: - 62- understanding that nations wa
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Page 79 and 80: - 66- highlights how High Command f
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Page 85 and 86: - 72 - hours military training a we
Page 87 and 88: - 74- Illustration 4: General C. J.
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Page 94 and 95: - 81 - Map 7: The ajivachtingsopste
Page 96 and 97: FORTIFICATION New Holland Waterline
Page 98 and 99: PROVINCES - 85 - peripheral areas.
Page 100 and 101: - 87 - had access to ten howitzers
Page 102 and 103: - 89- the military units in being i
Page 104 and 105: - 91 - the international debate sUl
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Page 108 and 109: - 95- established part of its milit
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Chapter 3 - Api Api: The Mobilisati
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- 99- Schlieffen Plan. By this day,
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- 101 - fact that the Netherlands d
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- 103 - landweer of the conscript i
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- 105 - foreign naval ships attempt
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- 107- heightened tension and possi
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- 109 - declarations. They gathered
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- 111 - about the war. He explained
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- 113- Reserve Banle to lower its s
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- 115 - Most troops were able to tr
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- 117- cartridges; however, only 80
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- 119 - Many of the supply problems
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- 121 - negligible number. The spee
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- 123 - Another requisition was org
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- 125 - removed families from their
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- 127 - countries had relatively eq
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- Chapter 4 - Calm Amidst the Ragin
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- 131 - Once the war did not end by
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- 133 - Map 9: Position of the Fiel
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- 135 - Like the Army, the Navy als
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- 137 - I do not have to re-emphasi
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- 139 - the will of the entire cabi
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- 141 - by Helmuth von Moltke's vol
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- 143 - German equivalents on the o
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- 145 - with the Gennan Krupps manu
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- 147- military preparations. At an
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- 149 - denying the event, although
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- 151 - Camite Internatianale des S
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- 153 - Germany.89 As of 5 August,
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- 155 - over both sides of the wate
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- 157 - could not be used in an off
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- 159 - bombs causing damage to a f
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- 161 - could not ensure Queen Wilh
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- 163 - Netherlands would do its ut
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- 165 - internment, along the south
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- 167 - certain problems. During th
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- 169 - front. In fact, a number of
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- 171 - many of the wounded back wi
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- 174 - Eventually, out of chaos ca
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- 176 - and complained of profiteer
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- 178- Dutch agreed to let intemees
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- 180 - for their men. 93 At times
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- 182 - The POW agreement in 1917 a
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- 184 - for them in Bergen. 121 The
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- 186- during the war,135 enabling
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- 188 - exodus described by one his
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- 190 - responsibility was almost e
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- 192 - burning villages to the gro
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- 194 - mid-1918, Belgians sought e
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- 196 - course of planning, Snijder
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- Chapter 6 - Territorial Neutralit
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- 200- corresponding pressure on th
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- 202- the contraband list well bey
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- 204 - Allied demands with much gr
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- Z06- did not keep to the arrangem
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- 208- obtained theirs straight fro
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- 210 - guaranteeing that the goods
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- ZIZ - the Belgian town of Zeebrug
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- 214 - Tubantia by a Gelman torped
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- 216 - fishing vessels. A total of
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- 218- even removed all custom duti
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-zzo- minimum. What was even more w
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- 222- ports. 140 In the words of o
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- 224- delayed. 154 It was not unti
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- ZZ6- pennitted. In August 1917, t
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- ZZ8 - southern border and that, i
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- 230- and it elicited considerable
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- 232 - obtain valuable aid from th
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- 234- of spies; from hunting restr
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- 236 - would be responsible for mi
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- 238- equipment to cut down trees.
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- 240- legal requirements. As the m
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- 242 - September 1914, in 1915, sm
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- 244 - replacement workers. Cabine
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- 246- the inherent contradictions
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- 248 - municipal councils, mayors
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- 250- civilian authorities. They h
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- 252 - 1914 to enhance the Netherl
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- 254- and that he must make his su
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- 256- powers to the armed forces.
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- Chapter 8 - Ash-Grey with Neutral
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- 260- 1915, border guards arrested
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- 262 - because they were contraban
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- ZG4- supplies?7 An exception was
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1914 1915 1916 1917 - 266- The smug
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- 268- Despite these harsher rules,
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- 270- threatened that if the Dutch
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- 274 - In reality, preventing inte
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- 276- resistance of the population
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- 279 - volts. 134 Most definitely,
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- 281 - the deadly wires: hardly an
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- 283 - soil instead. 162 For the m
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- 287 - form. 189 The prints were r
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- 289- fact, commanders rarely used
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- 291 - LINES OF COMMUNICATION The
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- 293- requirement that a neutral n
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- 295 - sanctioned a meeting, he of
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- 297- siege" was, in fact, an extr
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- 299- the anned forces, their equi
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- 301 - owned 1,101, including outd
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- 303 - meet the needs of new consc
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- 305 - fortifications, wartime fun
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- 307 - fighting force including te
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- 309- He realised all too well, th
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- 311 - Nevertheless, it felt compe
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- 313 - clear signs that the econom
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- 315 - supplies. In other areas, c
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- 317 - Coal was drastically ration
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- 319 - (made from seaweed and muss
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- 321 - bars at a time, and that su
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- 323 - cities. 159 Given that 1918
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- 325 - uniforms quickly disappeare
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- 327- means of harnessing these fe
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196 Ibid. - 329- number of soldiers
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- 331 - The billeting of soldiers a
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- 333- months earlier when he procl
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- 336- smuggling, became more compr
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- 338 - were too young, inexperienc
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- 341 - CONSCRIPTION AND RECRUITMEN
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- 343 - changed considerably since
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- 345- June and July 1915, that the
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- 347- July 1916, much to the disgu
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- 349- LEAVE FOR ONE AND ALL Althou
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- 351 - Furthennore, successive Min
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- 353 - 30 per cent (at least) of o
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- 355 - it proclaimed, without goin
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- 357 - was there any need to keep
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- 359 - The demobilisation lobby, w
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- 361 - compromise the safety of ce
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- 363 - sites (in case the internee
Page 377 and 378:
- 365 - rest were all on indefinite
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- 368 - between the Commander-in-Ch
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- 370- spreading, in the last month
Page 383 and 384:
- 372 - The mayor of Amsterdam was
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- 374 - quelled through a mix of mi
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- 376- 1919) for a month (from July
Page 389 and 390:
- 378- then it was more likely that
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- 380 - down their alms and refuse
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- 382- to entice soldiers into extr
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- 384 - carriages, causing urn-est
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- 386- the riots. 90 The commission
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- 388- in the newspapers only made
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- 390- associates.!07 It was not th
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- 392 - the two was defined by thei
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- 394- The different meanings make
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- 396 - done so. Nevertheless, in t
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- 398 - saluting was either promote
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- Chapter 12 - Not a Day Too Late:
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- 402 - called any day. 8 Both men
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- 404- in disarray. IS The potentia
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- 406 - above involved revolutionar
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- 408- the cabinet and Snijders. Th
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- 410- The Harskamp mutiny started
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- 412 - defeatist, and feared that
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- 414 - Snij del" s report of 29 Ma
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- 416 - powerful and long-lasting d
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- 418 - confidence in the Commander
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- 420- belligerent powers signed th
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- 422- complete innocence afterward
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- 424 - several occasions between N
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- 4ZG- government. 104 It was Brita
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- 428- landstorm on a voluntary bas
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- 430- DEMOBILISATION The attempted
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- 432 - (demobilisatieparken).134 H
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- 434 - Illustration 17: German sol
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- 436- In the aftermath of the Limb
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- 438 - that the threat of war had
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- 440 - survive through future stor
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- 442 - and sovereignty. After Apri
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- 444 - To ensure the cherished pea
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- 446 - In a similar vein, the cond
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- 448- war, militmy authority would
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DUTCH Generaal Lieutenant -Generaal
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ORGANISATION Headqualiers Four Divi
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DATE Ju130 Ju131 Aug 1 Aug 2 Aug 3
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Article 18 - 456- OVERVIEW OF THE N
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ARTICLE Article 1 Article 2 Article
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- Appendix 9 STATE OF WAR AND SIEGE
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- Appendix 10 - MOBILISATION AND LE
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- 465- MOBILISATION AND LEAVE FOR M
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- 467- ARA, "Geheim en Kabinetsarch
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- 470- Militair-Rechtelijk Tijdschr
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- 472- Grinnell-Milne, Duncan An Es
Page 485:
- 474- Smit, C. (ed.) Bescheiden be
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- 478- Bauwens, A. R., Devroe, C.,
Page 491 and 492:
- 480- Centre de recherche de I'His
Page 493 and 494:
Fridenson, Patrick (ed.) The French
Page 495 and 496:
- 484- Horst, Han van der The low s
Page 497 and 498:
- 486- Lambert, Audrey M. The Makin
Page 499 and 500:
- 488- Peet, Anselm J. van der Bela
Page 501 and 502:
- 490- Stoelinga, Thomas Herman Joz
Page 503 and 504:
- 492 - Wels, Cornelis Boudewijn Al
Page 505 and 506:
- 494 - Bavel, D. T. A. van "Het tr
Page 507 and 508:
- 496- Bosmans, J. "De kroon aan he
Page 509 and 510:
- 498- Darian-Smith, Kate "Remember
Page 512 and 513:
- 501 - Gregory, Adrian "Lost gener
Page 514 and 515:
- 503- Horne, John "Introduction: m
Page 516 and 517:
- 505- KIaauw, Bart van der "Unexpe
Page 518 and 519:
- 507- Lith, Hans van "Albert Hahn:
Page 520 and 521:
- 509- Methorst, H. W. "The cost of
Page 522 and 523:
- 511 - Ridder van Rappard, L. R. J
Page 524 and 525:
- 513- Schulten, C. M. "The Netherl
Page 526 and 527:
- 515 - Snijders, C. J. "De Nederla
Page 529 and 530:
- 518- Verseput, J. "Gevolgen van d
Page 532 and 533:
- 521 - Winter, J. M. "Research Rep
Page 534:
- 523 - Pruntel, Hendrik Bereiken w
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