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LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: FDA 21CFR 170.50: no longer GRAS for use in Approved for use as sequestering agent human food. for mono- and diglycerides (0.02%) 21CFR 582.5049: GRAS for animal feed. 21CFR 172.320: limitation of 3.5% by weight. AUSTRALIA/PACIFIC RIM: 21CFR 172.812: approved for use as a masking Japan: approved for use as dietary supplement agent for bitter aftertaste of saccharin in (amino acid) and flavourings beverages and stabiliser in mono- and diglycerides. Limitations of 0.2% (of finished beverage) and 0.02% (of mono- and diglyceride) USDA 9CFR 318.7: 0.01% in rendered animal REFERENCE: Lewis, R. J., Sr. (1989) <strong>Food</strong> Additives Hand<strong>book</strong>, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. Glycine 517
Flavour Enhancers 518 NAME: L-Glutamic acid CATEGORY: Flavour enhancer SYNONYMS: CAS 56-86-0/ EINECS 200-293-7/ FEMA 3285/ E620/ a-Glutamic acid/ L-2-aminoglutaric acid/ 2- Aminopentanedioic acid/ a-Aminoglutaric acid/ L-Aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid/ Glusate/ Glutacid/ Glutamic acid/ d-Glutam-iensuur/ Glutaminic acid/ L-Glutaminic acid/ Glutaminol/ Glutaton FORMULA: C5 H9 NO4 MOLECULAR MASS: 147.15 ALTERNATIVE FORMS: Monosodium glutamate/ Monopotassium glutamate/ Monoammonium glutamate PROPERTIES AND APPEARANCE: An essential amino acid present in all complete proteins. White crystal or crystal powder; virtually odourless; decomposes at 247–249°C; sublimes at 200°C Slightly soluble in water; practically insoluble in methanol, ethanol, ether, acetone, cold glacial acetic acid MELTING RANGE IN °C: 194 (DL); 224–225 (L) DENSITY AT 20°C (AND OTHER 1.4601 (DL); 1.538 (L) TEMPERATURES) IN g/L: SOLUBILITY % AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURE/pH COMBINATIONS: in water: @ 50°C 21.86 g/l @ 100°C 140.00 g/l FUNCTION IN FOODS: Flavour enhancer; nutrient; dietary supplement; salt substitute ALTERNATIVES: Ammonium glutamate; disodium inosinate; disodium guanylate; monoammonium glutamate; monopotassium glutamate; monosodium glutamate; potassium glutamate FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: Human systemic effects by ingestion and intravenous route (headache, vomiting or nausea). When heated to decomposition, will emit toxic fumes of NOx
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Food Additives Data Book
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© 2003 by Blackwell Science Ltd, a
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Contents vi Part 3 Colourings 121 A
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Contents viii Dextranase (Penicilli
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Contents x Calcium lactate pentahyd
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Contents xii Calcium disodium ethyl
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Editors Jim Smith, PhD, MBA, FIFST
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Part 14—Sweeteners David K. MacKi
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Part 1 Acidulants
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VAPOUR PRESSURE AT VARIOUS -17.2 (1
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Acceptable daily intake for humans
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Acidulants 8 NAME: Adipic acid CATE
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Acidulants 10 Diisobutyl adipate ca
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Acidulants 12 NAME: Caprylic acid C
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Acidulants 14 FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: L
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Acidulants 16 NAME: Citric acid CAT
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Acidulants 18 FUNCTION IN FOODS: Ci
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Acidulants 20 Monoglyceride citrate
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Acidulants 22 Dipotassium citrate:
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Acidulants 24 NAME: Dehydroacetic R
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Acidulants 26 Doores, S. (1990) pH
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: 0.5 HEA
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REFERENCES: Budavari, S., O’Neill
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Glucono
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HEAVY METAL CONTENT MAXIMUM IN 10 p
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It is used to flavour various poult
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Acidulants 40 NAME: Malic acid CATE
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Acidulants 42 The US Internal Reven
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Acidulants 44 NAME: Phosphoric acid
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Acidulants 46 Ammonium phosphate, d
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Acidulants 48 Magnesium phosphate,
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Acidulants 50 Sodium phosphate, dib
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Acidulants 52 cheese, cheese food,
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Acidulants 54 Doores, S. (1990) pH
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VAPOUR PRESSURE AT VARIOUS 4.6 (1 m
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propionate based on the weight of t
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Acidulants 62 NAME: Sodium diacetat
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Acidulants 64 Food Chemicals Codex
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ARSENIC CONTENT MAXIMUM IN ppm: 3 A
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Acidulants 70 NAME: Tartaric acid C
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Acidulants 72 Potassium bitartrate
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Part 2 Antioxidants
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SOLUBILITY % AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURE
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Antioxidants 80 NAME: Ascorbyl palm
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Antioxidants 82 NAME: Sodium ascorb
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Antioxidants 84 NAME: Calcium ascor
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in vegetable oil: @ 25°C 30% cotto
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Antioxidants 90 NAME: Butylated hyd
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Antioxidants 92 REFERENCES: Sustane
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Antioxidants 96 NAME: Propyl gallat
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Antioxidants 98 (USA: contd) Pizza
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FUNCTION IN FOODS: Prevents oxidati
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Antioxidants 104 NAME: Tocopherols,
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Antioxidants 106 NAME: Beta-caroten
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REFERENCES: Schuler, P. (1990) In:
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Antioxidants 112 NAME: Tocopherol,
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Antioxidants 114 NAME: Citric acid
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Antioxidants 116 NAME: Ethylenediam
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Antioxidants 118 NAME: L-Tartaric a
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Part 3 Colourings
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HEAVY METAL CONTENT MAXIMUM 50 IN p
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Colourings 126 NAME: Allura Red AC
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Colourings 128 FOOD SAFETY ISSUES:
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HEAVY METAL CONTENT MAXIMUM IN
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Colourings 134 NAME: Amaranth CATEG
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Colourings 136 LEGISLATION: USA: CA
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PURITY %: Bixin powders 25%; norbix
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STRUCTURE OF ANNATTO: CH 3 CH3 RO C
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BOILING POINT IN °C AT VARIOUS N/A
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REFERENCES: Jackman, R. L., Yada, R
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Colourings 150 NAME: Brilliant Blue
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VAPOUR PRESSURE AT VARIOUS N/A TEMP
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Colourings 158 NAME: Brown HT CATEG
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: 5 HEAVY
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Colourings 168 NAME: Plain caramel
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: Typical
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Colourings 176 NAME: Caustic sulphi
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: Typical
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Colourings 184 NAME: Beetroot red C
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: 21.0% H
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Colourings 192 NAME: Carminic acid
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PURITY %: Not less than 85% dye con
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Colourings 200 NAME: Beta-carotene
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Colourings 202 LEGISLATION: USA: UK
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Colourings 208 NAME: Chlorophyll CA
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Colourings 210 ANTAGONISTS: Sulphur
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Colourings 212 NAME: Chlorophyllin
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Colourings 220 NAME: Copper chlorop
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: N/A HEA
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Colourings 228 NAME: Curcumin CATEG
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Colourings 230 ANTAGONISTS: Strong
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: 15 HEAV
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Colourings 236 NAME: Ethyl ester of
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Colourings 238 When used to colour
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PURITY %: 85% miniumum WATER CONTEN
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Colourings 244 NAME: Gold CATEGORY:
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PURITY %: Not less than 80% total c
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Colourings 252 NAME: Indigotine CAT
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ANTAGONISTS: None known FOOD SAFETY
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Colourings 262 NAME: Yellow iron ox
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Colourings 270 NAME: Monascus CATEG
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Colourings 274 NAME: Brilliant Blac
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PURITY %: Content not less than 85%
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Colourings 282 NAME: Ponceau 4R CAT
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: 30 HEAV
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Colourings 290 NAME: Ponceau SX CAT
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Colourings 292 REFERENCE: Walford,
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ARSENIC CONTENT MAXIMUM IN ppm: 3 A
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PURITY %: 85% total colouring matte
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Colourings 300 NAME: Tartrazine CAT
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Colourings 304 NAME: Titanium dioxi
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Colourings 312 NAME: Vegetable carb
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Colourings 320 NAME: Santalin CATEG
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Colourings 328 NAME: Lycopene CATEG
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OH CH 3 Capsorubin CH3 CH3 CH 3 CH3
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Colourings 340 NAME: Riboflavin-5¢
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Emulsifiers 344 NAME: Mono- and dig
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Emulsifiers 346 LEGISLATION: USA: U
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FUNCTION IN FOODS: Emulsion-stabili
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ALTERNATIVES: Lactic acid esters/ p
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Crystal
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FUNCTION IN FOODS: Used in bread an
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Can mod
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Emulsifiers 360 NAME: Succinic acid
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Emulsifiers 362 NAME: Tartaric acid
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Emulsifiers 366 NAME: Lecithins CAT
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Emulsifiers 368 NAME: Polyglycerol
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Emulsifiers 370 NAME: Polyglycerol
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Emulsifiers 372 NAME: Propylene gly
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Emulsifiers 374 NAME: Sodium stearo
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Emulsifiers 376 NAME: Calcium stear
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Emulsifiers 378 NAME: Sorbitan este
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Emulsifiers 380 NAME: Polysorbates
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Emulsifiers 382 NAME: Sucrose ester
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Emulsifiers 384 NAME: Ammonium phos
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Emulsifiers 386 NAME: Di-octyl sodi
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Part 5 Enzymes
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ANTAGONISTS: Cereals - inhibited by
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Enzymes 394 activity NAME: Amyloglu
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Enzymes 396 NAME: Anthocyanase CATE
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LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: GRAS stat
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LEGISLATION: USA: UK and EUROPE: GR
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Enzymes 404 NAME: Beta-glucosidase
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Enzymes 406 NAME: Bromelain CATEGOR
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Enzymes 410 NAME: Cellobiase (Asper
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Enzymes 416 NAME: Dextranase (Penic
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Enzymes 420 NAME: Ficin (Ficus spp.
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Enzymes 422 NAME: Glucoamylase CATE
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Enzymes 424 NAME: Glucose isomerase
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Enzymes 426 NAME: Glucose oxidase C
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Enzymes 428 NAME: Hemicellulase (As
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Enzymes 432 NAME: Invertase CATEGOR
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Enzymes 438 NAME: Microbial rennet
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Enzymes 442 NAME: Papain (papaya sp
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Enzymes 444 NAME: Pectinase CATEGOR
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Enzymes 446 NAME: Penicillin amidas
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REFERENCES: Ash, M., and Ash, I. (1
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Enzymes 452 NAME: Pullulanase CATEG
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Enzymes 458 NAME: Tannase CATEGORY:
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Enzymes 462 NAME: Xylanase CATEGORY
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Flavour Enhancers 464 NAME: Acetic
Page 485: Flavour Enhancers 466 (USA: contd)
Page 489: Flavour Enhancers 470 NAME: Red alg
Page 492 and 493: Pre-solubilised: shelf-stable solut
Page 495: Flavour Enhancers 476 NAME: Esteras
Page 498 and 499: LEGISLATION: USA: UK and EUROPE: FD
Page 500 and 501: solvent; texture modifier; vehicle
Page 503: Flavour Enhancers 484 NAME: Licoric
Page 508 and 509: FUNCTION IN FOODS: Flavour adjuvant
Page 510 and 511: ANY OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION: Man
Page 513 and 514: Flavour Enhancers 494 NAME: Potassi
Page 515 and 516: Flavour Enhancers 496 NAME: Monosod
Page 517: Flavour Enhancers 498 REFERENCE: Le
Page 520 and 521: ALTERNATIVES: Ammonium chloride/ Ca
Page 523 and 524: Flavour Enhancers 504 NAME: Sodium
Page 525: Flavour Enhancers 506 REFERENCE: Le
Page 528 and 529: FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: Moderately toxi
Page 530 and 531: FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: Poison by inges
Page 532 and 533: TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: 1 gram
Page 541: Flavour Enhancers 522 NAME: Licoric
Page 545 and 546: Flavour Enhancers 526 NAME: Sucralo
Page 547 and 548: Flavour Enhancers 528 NAME: Thaumat
Page 549: Flavour Enhancers 530 NAME: Potassi
Page 552: LEGISLATION: USA: UK and EUROPE: FD
Page 555 and 556: Flour Additives 536 NAME: Alpha-amy
Page 557 and 558: Flour Additives 538 NAME: Chlorine
Page 559 and 560: Flour Additives 540 NAME: Chlorine
Page 561 and 562: Flour Additives 542 NAME: Glucono-d
Page 563 and 564: Flour Additives 544 NAME: Disodium
Page 565 and 566: Flour Additives 546 NAME: Monopotas
Page 567 and 568: Flour Additives 548 NAME: Hemicellu
Page 569 and 570: Flour Additives 550 NAME: Calcium t
Page 571 and 572: Flour Additives 552 NAME: L-Cystein
Page 573 and 574: Flour Additives 554 NAME: Sodium hy
Page 575 and 576: Flour Additives 556 NAME: Sodium al
Page 578 and 579: Part 8 Gases
Page 581: Gases 562 NAME: Hydrogen CATEGORY:
Page 584 and 585: LEGISLATION: USA: FDA 21CFR § 184.
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Produce
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and some magnesium-aluminium alloy
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FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: Low toxicity. I
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Nutritive Additives 574 NAME: DL-a-
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Nutritive Additives 576 NAME: DL-a-
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Nutritive Additives 578 NAME: Pyrid
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LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: Regulatio
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LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: AUSTRALIA
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LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: Regulatio
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ANY OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION: In
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Oily su
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Nutritive Additives 600 NAME: Panto
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LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: FDA 21CFR
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Nutritive Additives 606 NAME: L-Asc
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Nutritive Additives 608 LEGISLATION
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FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: Some adverse ef
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LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: GRAS for
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Page 636 and 637:
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LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: GRAS. For
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ANTAGONISTS: Acids FOOD SAFETY ISSU
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Affects
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ALTERNATIVES: Calcium carbonate, ca
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ANTAGONISTS: Air, humidity, oxygen
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ANTAGONISTS: Light; reducing agents
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LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: GRAS in s
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FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: Toxicology: LD
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Affects
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LEGISLATION: USA: UK and EUROPE: Fo
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Soluble
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FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: Poison by intra
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less than 2 years old, Recommended
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FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: Toxicology: LD
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Page 676:
Page 679 and 680:
Polysaccharides 660 NAME: Agar CATE
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Polysaccharides 662 NAME: Algin CAT
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Polysaccharides 664 NAME: Alginic a
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Polysaccharides 666 NAME: Ammonium
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Polysaccharides 668 NAME: Gum arabi
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Polysaccharides 670 NAME: Calcium a
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Polysaccharides 672 NAME: Iota-carr
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Polysaccharides 674 Therkelsen, G.
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ALTERNATIVES: Gelatin; gellan; agar
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Polysaccharides 680 NAME: Lambda-ca
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Polysaccharides 682 ANY OTHER RELEV
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particularly potassium and calcium
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Polysaccharides 688 NAME: Cellulose
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Polysaccharides 690 NAME: Chitosan
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Polysaccharides 692 NAME: Carboxyme
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Polysaccharides 694 NAME: Dextran C
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Polysaccharides 696 NAME: Furcellar
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Polysaccharides 698 NAME: Gellan CA
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Polysaccharides 700 NAME: Gum ghatt
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Polysaccharides 702 NAME: Guar gum
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Polysaccharides 704 NAME: Hydroxy e
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Polysaccharides 706 NAME: Hydroxy p
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Polysaccharides 708 NAME: Hydroxy p
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Polysaccharides 710 NAME: Karaya gu
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Polysaccharides 712 NAME: Locust be
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Polysaccharides 714 NAME: Methyl ce
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Polysaccharides 716 NAME: Methyl et
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Polysaccharides 718 NAME: Microcrys
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Polysaccharides 720 NAME: Pectin CA
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Polysaccharides 722 NAME: Propylene
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Polysaccharides 724 NAME: Potassium
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Polysaccharides 726 NAME: Tragacant
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Polysaccharides 728 NAME: Xanthan C
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Part 11 Preservatives
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PURITY %: >99 (anhydrous basis) WAT
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Preservatives 736 NAME: Sodium sorb
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Preservatives 738 LEGISLATION: USA:
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PURITY %: >98 (anhydrous basis) WAT
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Preservatives 744 NAME: Calcium sor
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Preservatives 746 LEGISLATION: USA:
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PURITY %: >99.5 (anhydrous basis) W
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Preservatives 752 NAME: Sodium benz
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Preservatives 754 ANY OTHER RELEVAN
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Effecti
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LEGISLATION: USA: UK and EUROPE: FD
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: pH opti
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Preservatives 764 NAME: Propyl-4-hy
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Preservatives 766 NAME: Propyl-4-hy
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Preservatives 772 NAME: Sulphur dio
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Preservatives 774 NAME: Sodium sulp
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Preservatives 776 NAME: Sodium bisu
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Preservatives 778 NAME: Sodium meta
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Preservatives 780 NAME: Potassium m
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Preservatives 782 NAME: Calcium sul
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Preservatives 784 NAME: Calcium bis
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Preservatives 786 NAME: Biphenyl CA
Page 807 and 808:
Preservatives 788 NAME: 2-Hydroxybi
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Preservatives 790 NAME: Sodium o-ph
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Preservatives 794 NAME: Nisin CATEG
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Preservatives 796 NAME: Hexamethyle
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: 2lb/100
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ALTERNATIVES: Multifunctional, so r
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LEGISLATION: USA: UK and EUROPE: CA
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: 200ppm
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: 1% (foo
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LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: FDA 21CFR
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LEGISLATION: USA: UK and EUROPE: FD
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Preservatives 814 NAME: Heptyl para
Page 836 and 837:
Part 12 Sequestrants
Page 838 and 839:
Page 840 and 841:
Page 842 and 843:
FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: Citrates may in
Page 844 and 845:
FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: May cause gastr
Page 846 and 847:
ARSENIC CONTENT MAXIMUM IN ppm: 3 F
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ALTERNATIVES: Citrates; pyrophospha
Page 850 and 851:
WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: 0.5 HEA
Page 853 and 854:
Sequestrants 834 NAME: Disodium eth
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Sequestrants 836 NAME: Disodium pyr
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Sequestrants 838 NAME: Glucono-delt
Page 859:
Sequestrants 840 NAME: Isopropyl ci
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ALTERNATIVES: Sodium phosphates TEC
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FUNCTION IN FOODS: Preserves colour
Page 866 and 867:
FUNCTION IN FOODS: Sequestrant, pH
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Sequestrants 850 NAME: Sodium monoh
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Sequestrants 852 NAME: Sodium polyp
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Sequestrants 854 NAME: Sodium tartr
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Sequestrants 856 NAME: Oxystearin C
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Page 880 and 881:
Part 13 Solvents
Page 882 and 883:
Page 885 and 886:
Solvents 866 NAME: Acetylated monog
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Solvents 868 NAME: Amyl acetate CAT
Page 889 and 890:
Solvents 870 NAME: Benzyl alcohol C
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Solvents 872 NAME: 1,3-Butanediol C
Page 893 and 894:
Solvents 874 NAME: Castor oil CATEG
Page 895 and 896:
Solvents 876 NAME: Diethyl tartrate
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Solvents 878 NAME: Ethanol CATEGORY
Page 899 and 900:
Solvents 880 NAME: Ethyl acetate CA
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Solvents 882 NAME: Glycerin CATEGOR
Page 903:
Solvents 884 (UK and EUROPE: contd)
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Page 908 and 909:
Page 910 and 911:
Page 912 and 913:
TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Soluble
Page 914 and 915:
TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Used as
Page 916 and 917:
Page 918:
Page 921 and 922:
Sweeteners 902 NAME: Acesulphame CA
Page 923 and 924:
Sweeteners 904 Disintegrant (e.g. l
Page 925 and 926:
Sweeteners 906 FOOD SAFETY ISSUES:
Page 927 and 928:
Sweeteners 908 - USSR Not permitted
Page 929:
Sweeteners 910 NAME: N-acetylglucos
Page 933 and 934:
Sweeteners 914 NAME: Aspartame CATE
Page 935 and 936:
Sweeteners 916 When used in soft dr
Page 937 and 938:
Sweeteners 918 Approved by FDA in 1
Page 939 and 940:
Sweeteners 920 (f ) If the food con
Page 941 and 942:
Sweeteners 922 Item A.A3, Table III
Page 943 and 944:
Sweeteners 924 NAME: Cyclamate CATE
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Sweeteners 926 No browning reaction
Page 947 and 948:
Sweeteners 928 -West Germany 800 mg
Page 949:
Sweeteners 930 Budavari, S. (1996)
Page 952 and 953:
TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Does no
Page 954 and 955:
Herbs and seasonings, §170.3(n)(26
Page 957 and 958:
Sweeteners 938 NAME: Isomalt CATEGO
Page 959 and 960:
Sweeteners 940 NAME: Lactitol CATEG
Page 961:
Sweeteners 942 FOOD SAFETY ISSUES:
Page 964 and 965:
FUNCTION IN FOODS: Bulking agent, s
Page 966 and 967:
- In case material is released or s
Page 969 and 970:
Sweeteners 950 NAME: Mannitol CATEG
Page 971 and 972:
Sweeteners 952 Solubility: 1 g/5.5
Page 973:
Sweeteners 954 REFERENCES: Smith, J
Page 977 and 978:
Sweeteners 958 NAME: Saccharin CATE
Page 979 and 980:
Sweeteners 960 3:1 cyclamate :sacch
Page 981 and 982:
Sweeteners 962 101.11 Saccharin and
Page 983 and 984:
Sweeteners 964 - East Germany 20 to
Page 985:
Sweeteners 966 Canadian Food and Dr
Page 988 and 989:
MELTING RANGE IN °C: Crystalline:
Page 990 and 991:
Stability: stable to heat, chemical
Page 992 and 993:
- Granulation/concentration: 70% co
Page 994 and 995:
Humectant and stabiliser - good hum
Page 996 and 997:
LEGISLATION: USA: GRAS by US FASEB
Page 998 and 999:
CANADA: Canada FDR 67-29 -available
Page 1000 and 1001:
Hexahydric sugar alcohol; isomeric
Page 1002 and 1003:
TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Steviol
Page 1004 and 1005:
OTHER COUNTRIES: Permitted for use
Page 1007 and 1008:
Sweeteners 988 NAME: Sucralose CATE
Page 1009 and 1010:
Sweeteners 990 (4) Desserts; desser
Page 1011 and 1012:
Sweeteners 992 NAME: Thaumatin CATE
Page 1013 and 1014:
Sweeteners 994 Interaction with tas
Page 1015 and 1016:
Sweeteners 996 (c) may have added t
Page 1017:
Sweeteners 998 100,000 times as swe
Page 1020 and 1021:
TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: An affi
Page 1022:
REFERENCES: Smith, J. (1991) Food A
Page 1025 and 1026:
Index 1006 ammonium potassium phosp
Page 1027 and 1028:
Index 1008 CAS 9012-54-8, 402 CAS 9
Page 1029 and 1030:
Index 1010 edible oils and fats, ED
Page 1031 and 1032:
Index 1012 hydrogen peroxide oxidor
Page 1033 and 1034:
Index 1014 688, 690, 692, 694, 696,
Page 1035:
Index 1016 vitamin C, 606, 610, 614
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Food additives data book - wordpres

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