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LEGISLATION: Usage level: Limitation 0.9% (soft candy); 0.02% (milk products); 0.3% (frozen dairy desserts); 0.002% (other foods) USA: UK and EUROPE: FDA 21CFR § 133.133, UK: approved. Europe: listed 133.134, 133.162, 133.178, 133.179, 150.141, 150.161, AUSTRALIA/PACIFIC RIM: 184.1349, GRAS Japan: approved for use as a natural thickener and stabiliser REFERENCES: Anderson, D. M. W., Gill, M. L. C., Jeffrey, A. M., and McDougall, F. J. (1985) Phytochemistry 24, 71. Whistler, R. L. (1993) Exudate gums. In: Whistler, R. L., and J. N. BeMiller (Eds.), Industrial Gums: Polysaccharides and Derivatives. 3rd edition, pp. 311–318. Ash, M., and Ash, I. (1996) <strong>Food</strong> Additives. Gower Publishing Co., Brookfield, VT. ANY OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION: This is a natural polysaccharide extracted from the trunks of the tree, Sterculia urens. Originally introduced as an alternative to tragacanth gum Karaya gum 711
Polysaccharides 712 NAME: Locust bean gum CATEGORY: Polysaccharides FOOD USE: Dairy products/ Pet foods/ Baked goods/ Confectionery/ Dry formulated products/ <strong>Food</strong> packaging/ Edible films and coatings/ All food products SYNONYMS: Beta-D-(1 Æ 4) mannan with some attached D-galactose molecules linked via alpha (1 Æ 6) bonds/ CAS 9000-40-2/ EINECS 232-541-5/ E410/ Galactomannan/ Carob flour/ Carob bean gum/ St John’s bread/ Algoroba FORMULA: Variable, depending on the ratio of galactose to mannose MOLECULAR MASS: Variable. Generally 300,000 to 360,000 PROPERTIES AND APPEARANCE: White/brown powder SOLUBILITY % AT VARIOUS Solubility varies with molecular weight. Generally, locust bean gum is soluble in water, sucrose TEMPERATURE/pH COMBINATIONS: solutions and sodium chloride solution, but solubility in ethanol, vegetable oils and propylene glycol is limited. Solubility declines with increasing molecular weight and increasing concentration. It is pHindependent (pH 4 to pH 8) FUNCTION IN FOODS: Thickening agent; stabiliser; bulking agent; suspending agent ALTERNATIVES: Guar gum; tara gum; carrageenans; dextrans; starches; xanthan; gelatin; agar; alginate (applicationdependent) TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Locust bean gum should be dispersed in cold water and heated to 80°C for 10 minutes to hydrate the polysaccharide. A high shear mixer will aid dispersion, although prolonged shear of high molecularweight polymers will reduce the viscosity. Locust bean gum molecules have a high hydrodynamic volume and can entangle with adjacent molecules, resulting in viscous properties. Synergistic interactions with xanthan gum result in gel
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Food Additives Data Book
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© 2003 by Blackwell Science Ltd, a
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Contents vi Part 3 Colourings 121 A
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Contents viii Dextranase (Penicilli
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Contents x Calcium lactate pentahyd
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Contents xii Calcium disodium ethyl
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Editors Jim Smith, PhD, MBA, FIFST
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Part 14—Sweeteners David K. MacKi
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Part 1 Acidulants
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VAPOUR PRESSURE AT VARIOUS -17.2 (1
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Acceptable daily intake for humans
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Acidulants 8 NAME: Adipic acid CATE
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Acidulants 10 Diisobutyl adipate ca
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Acidulants 12 NAME: Caprylic acid C
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Acidulants 14 FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: L
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Acidulants 16 NAME: Citric acid CAT
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Acidulants 18 FUNCTION IN FOODS: Ci
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Acidulants 20 Monoglyceride citrate
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Acidulants 22 Dipotassium citrate:
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Acidulants 24 NAME: Dehydroacetic R
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Acidulants 26 Doores, S. (1990) pH
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: 0.5 HEA
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REFERENCES: Budavari, S., O’Neill
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Glucono
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HEAVY METAL CONTENT MAXIMUM IN 10 p
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It is used to flavour various poult
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Acidulants 40 NAME: Malic acid CATE
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Acidulants 42 The US Internal Reven
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Acidulants 44 NAME: Phosphoric acid
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Acidulants 46 Ammonium phosphate, d
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Acidulants 48 Magnesium phosphate,
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Acidulants 50 Sodium phosphate, dib
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Acidulants 52 cheese, cheese food,
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Acidulants 54 Doores, S. (1990) pH
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VAPOUR PRESSURE AT VARIOUS 4.6 (1 m
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propionate based on the weight of t
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Acidulants 62 NAME: Sodium diacetat
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Acidulants 64 Food Chemicals Codex
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ARSENIC CONTENT MAXIMUM IN ppm: 3 A
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Acidulants 70 NAME: Tartaric acid C
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Acidulants 72 Potassium bitartrate
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Part 2 Antioxidants
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SOLUBILITY % AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURE
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Antioxidants 80 NAME: Ascorbyl palm
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Antioxidants 82 NAME: Sodium ascorb
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Antioxidants 84 NAME: Calcium ascor
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in vegetable oil: @ 25°C 30% cotto
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Antioxidants 90 NAME: Butylated hyd
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Antioxidants 92 REFERENCES: Sustane
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Antioxidants 96 NAME: Propyl gallat
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Antioxidants 98 (USA: contd) Pizza
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FUNCTION IN FOODS: Prevents oxidati
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Antioxidants 104 NAME: Tocopherols,
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Antioxidants 106 NAME: Beta-caroten
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REFERENCES: Schuler, P. (1990) In:
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Antioxidants 112 NAME: Tocopherol,
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Antioxidants 114 NAME: Citric acid
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Antioxidants 116 NAME: Ethylenediam
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Antioxidants 118 NAME: L-Tartaric a
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Part 3 Colourings
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HEAVY METAL CONTENT MAXIMUM 50 IN p
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Colourings 126 NAME: Allura Red AC
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Colourings 128 FOOD SAFETY ISSUES:
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HEAVY METAL CONTENT MAXIMUM IN
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Colourings 134 NAME: Amaranth CATEG
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Colourings 136 LEGISLATION: USA: CA
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PURITY %: Bixin powders 25%; norbix
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STRUCTURE OF ANNATTO: CH 3 CH3 RO C
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BOILING POINT IN °C AT VARIOUS N/A
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REFERENCES: Jackman, R. L., Yada, R
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Colourings 150 NAME: Brilliant Blue
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VAPOUR PRESSURE AT VARIOUS N/A TEMP
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Colourings 158 NAME: Brown HT CATEG
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: 5 HEAVY
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Colourings 168 NAME: Plain caramel
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: Typical
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Colourings 176 NAME: Caustic sulphi
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: Typical
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Colourings 184 NAME: Beetroot red C
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: 21.0% H
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Colourings 192 NAME: Carminic acid
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PURITY %: Not less than 85% dye con
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Colourings 200 NAME: Beta-carotene
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Colourings 202 LEGISLATION: USA: UK
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Colourings 208 NAME: Chlorophyll CA
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Colourings 210 ANTAGONISTS: Sulphur
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Colourings 212 NAME: Chlorophyllin
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Colourings 220 NAME: Copper chlorop
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: N/A HEA
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Colourings 228 NAME: Curcumin CATEG
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Colourings 230 ANTAGONISTS: Strong
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: 15 HEAV
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Colourings 236 NAME: Ethyl ester of
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Colourings 238 When used to colour
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PURITY %: 85% miniumum WATER CONTEN
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Colourings 244 NAME: Gold CATEGORY:
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PURITY %: Not less than 80% total c
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Colourings 252 NAME: Indigotine CAT
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ANTAGONISTS: None known FOOD SAFETY
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Colourings 262 NAME: Yellow iron ox
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Colourings 270 NAME: Monascus CATEG
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Colourings 274 NAME: Brilliant Blac
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PURITY %: Content not less than 85%
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Colourings 282 NAME: Ponceau 4R CAT
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: 30 HEAV
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Colourings 290 NAME: Ponceau SX CAT
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Colourings 292 REFERENCE: Walford,
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ARSENIC CONTENT MAXIMUM IN ppm: 3 A
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PURITY %: 85% total colouring matte
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Colourings 300 NAME: Tartrazine CAT
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Colourings 304 NAME: Titanium dioxi
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Colourings 312 NAME: Vegetable carb
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Colourings 320 NAME: Santalin CATEG
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Colourings 328 NAME: Lycopene CATEG
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OH CH 3 Capsorubin CH3 CH3 CH 3 CH3
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Colourings 340 NAME: Riboflavin-5¢
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Emulsifiers 344 NAME: Mono- and dig
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Emulsifiers 346 LEGISLATION: USA: U
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FUNCTION IN FOODS: Emulsion-stabili
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ALTERNATIVES: Lactic acid esters/ p
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Crystal
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FUNCTION IN FOODS: Used in bread an
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Can mod
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Emulsifiers 360 NAME: Succinic acid
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Emulsifiers 362 NAME: Tartaric acid
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Emulsifiers 366 NAME: Lecithins CAT
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Emulsifiers 368 NAME: Polyglycerol
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Emulsifiers 370 NAME: Polyglycerol
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Emulsifiers 372 NAME: Propylene gly
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Emulsifiers 374 NAME: Sodium stearo
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Emulsifiers 376 NAME: Calcium stear
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Emulsifiers 378 NAME: Sorbitan este
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Emulsifiers 380 NAME: Polysorbates
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Emulsifiers 382 NAME: Sucrose ester
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Emulsifiers 384 NAME: Ammonium phos
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Emulsifiers 386 NAME: Di-octyl sodi
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Part 5 Enzymes
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ANTAGONISTS: Cereals - inhibited by
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Enzymes 394 activity NAME: Amyloglu
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Enzymes 396 NAME: Anthocyanase CATE
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LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: GRAS stat
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LEGISLATION: USA: UK and EUROPE: GR
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Enzymes 404 NAME: Beta-glucosidase
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Enzymes 406 NAME: Bromelain CATEGOR
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Enzymes 410 NAME: Cellobiase (Asper
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Enzymes 416 NAME: Dextranase (Penic
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Enzymes 420 NAME: Ficin (Ficus spp.
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Enzymes 422 NAME: Glucoamylase CATE
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Enzymes 424 NAME: Glucose isomerase
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Enzymes 426 NAME: Glucose oxidase C
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Enzymes 428 NAME: Hemicellulase (As
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Enzymes 432 NAME: Invertase CATEGOR
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Enzymes 438 NAME: Microbial rennet
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Enzymes 442 NAME: Papain (papaya sp
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Enzymes 444 NAME: Pectinase CATEGOR
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Enzymes 446 NAME: Penicillin amidas
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REFERENCES: Ash, M., and Ash, I. (1
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Enzymes 452 NAME: Pullulanase CATEG
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Enzymes 458 NAME: Tannase CATEGORY:
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Enzymes 462 NAME: Xylanase CATEGORY
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Flavour Enhancers 464 NAME: Acetic
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Flavour Enhancers 466 (USA: contd)
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Flavour Enhancers 470 NAME: Red alg
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Pre-solubilised: shelf-stable solut
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Flavour Enhancers 476 NAME: Esteras
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LEGISLATION: USA: UK and EUROPE: FD
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solvent; texture modifier; vehicle
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Flavour Enhancers 484 NAME: Licoric
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FUNCTION IN FOODS: Flavour adjuvant
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ANY OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION: Man
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Flavour Enhancers 494 NAME: Potassi
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Flavour Enhancers 496 NAME: Monosod
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Flavour Enhancers 498 REFERENCE: Le
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ALTERNATIVES: Ammonium chloride/ Ca
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Flavour Enhancers 504 NAME: Sodium
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Flavour Enhancers 506 REFERENCE: Le
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FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: Moderately toxi
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FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: Poison by inges
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: 1 gram
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LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: FDA 21CFR
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Flavour Enhancers 522 NAME: Licoric
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Flavour Enhancers 526 NAME: Sucralo
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Flavour Enhancers 528 NAME: Thaumat
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Flavour Enhancers 530 NAME: Potassi
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Flour Additives 536 NAME: Alpha-amy
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Flour Additives 538 NAME: Chlorine
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Flour Additives 540 NAME: Chlorine
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Flour Additives 542 NAME: Glucono-d
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Flour Additives 544 NAME: Disodium
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Flour Additives 546 NAME: Monopotas
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Flour Additives 548 NAME: Hemicellu
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Flour Additives 550 NAME: Calcium t
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Flour Additives 552 NAME: L-Cystein
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Flour Additives 554 NAME: Sodium hy
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Flour Additives 556 NAME: Sodium al
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Part 8 Gases
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Gases 562 NAME: Hydrogen CATEGORY:
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LEGISLATION: USA: FDA 21CFR § 184.
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Produce
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and some magnesium-aluminium alloy
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FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: Low toxicity. I
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Nutritive Additives 574 NAME: DL-a-
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Nutritive Additives 576 NAME: DL-a-
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Nutritive Additives 578 NAME: Pyrid
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LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: Regulatio
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LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: AUSTRALIA
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LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: Regulatio
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ANY OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION: In
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Oily su
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Nutritive Additives 600 NAME: Panto
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Nutritive Additives 606 NAME: L-Asc
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Nutritive Additives 608 LEGISLATION
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FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: Some adverse ef
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LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: GRAS for
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LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: GRAS. For
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ANTAGONISTS: Acids FOOD SAFETY ISSU
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Affects
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ALTERNATIVES: Calcium carbonate, ca
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ANTAGONISTS: Air, humidity, oxygen
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ANTAGONISTS: Light; reducing agents
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LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: GRAS in s
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FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: Toxicology: LD
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Affects
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LEGISLATION: USA: UK and EUROPE: Fo
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Soluble
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FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: Poison by intra
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less than 2 years old, Recommended
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FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: Toxicology: LD
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Page 676:
Page 679 and 680: Polysaccharides 660 NAME: Agar CATE
Page 681 and 682: Polysaccharides 662 NAME: Algin CAT
Page 683 and 684: Polysaccharides 664 NAME: Alginic a
Page 685 and 686: Polysaccharides 666 NAME: Ammonium
Page 687 and 688: Polysaccharides 668 NAME: Gum arabi
Page 689 and 690: Polysaccharides 670 NAME: Calcium a
Page 691 and 692: Polysaccharides 672 NAME: Iota-carr
Page 693: Polysaccharides 674 Therkelsen, G.
Page 696 and 697: ALTERNATIVES: Gelatin; gellan; agar
Page 699 and 700: Polysaccharides 680 NAME: Lambda-ca
Page 701: Polysaccharides 682 ANY OTHER RELEV
Page 704 and 705: particularly potassium and calcium
Page 707 and 708: Polysaccharides 688 NAME: Cellulose
Page 709 and 710: Polysaccharides 690 NAME: Chitosan
Page 711 and 712: Polysaccharides 692 NAME: Carboxyme
Page 713 and 714: Polysaccharides 694 NAME: Dextran C
Page 715 and 716: Polysaccharides 696 NAME: Furcellar
Page 717 and 718: Polysaccharides 698 NAME: Gellan CA
Page 719 and 720: Polysaccharides 700 NAME: Gum ghatt
Page 721 and 722: Polysaccharides 702 NAME: Guar gum
Page 723 and 724: Polysaccharides 704 NAME: Hydroxy e
Page 725 and 726: Polysaccharides 706 NAME: Hydroxy p
Page 727 and 728: Polysaccharides 708 NAME: Hydroxy p
Page 729: Polysaccharides 710 NAME: Karaya gu
Page 733 and 734: Polysaccharides 714 NAME: Methyl ce
Page 735 and 736: Polysaccharides 716 NAME: Methyl et
Page 737 and 738: Polysaccharides 718 NAME: Microcrys
Page 739 and 740: Polysaccharides 720 NAME: Pectin CA
Page 741 and 742: Polysaccharides 722 NAME: Propylene
Page 743 and 744: Polysaccharides 724 NAME: Potassium
Page 745 and 746: Polysaccharides 726 NAME: Tragacant
Page 747 and 748: Polysaccharides 728 NAME: Xanthan C
Page 750 and 751: Part 11 Preservatives
Page 752 and 753: PURITY %: >99 (anhydrous basis) WAT
Page 755 and 756: Preservatives 736 NAME: Sodium sorb
Page 757: Preservatives 738 LEGISLATION: USA:
Page 760 and 761: PURITY %: >98 (anhydrous basis) WAT
Page 763 and 764: Preservatives 744 NAME: Calcium sor
Page 765: Preservatives 746 LEGISLATION: USA:
Page 768 and 769: PURITY %: >99.5 (anhydrous basis) W
Page 771 and 772: Preservatives 752 NAME: Sodium benz
Page 773: Preservatives 754 ANY OTHER RELEVAN
Page 776 and 777: TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Effecti
Page 778 and 779: LEGISLATION: USA: UK and EUROPE: FD
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: pH opti
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Preservatives 764 NAME: Propyl-4-hy
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Preservatives 766 NAME: Propyl-4-hy
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Preservatives 772 NAME: Sulphur dio
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Preservatives 774 NAME: Sodium sulp
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Preservatives 776 NAME: Sodium bisu
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Preservatives 778 NAME: Sodium meta
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Preservatives 780 NAME: Potassium m
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Preservatives 782 NAME: Calcium sul
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Preservatives 784 NAME: Calcium bis
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Preservatives 786 NAME: Biphenyl CA
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Preservatives 788 NAME: 2-Hydroxybi
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Preservatives 790 NAME: Sodium o-ph
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Preservatives 794 NAME: Nisin CATEG
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Preservatives 796 NAME: Hexamethyle
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: 2lb/100
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ALTERNATIVES: Multifunctional, so r
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LEGISLATION: USA: UK and EUROPE: CA
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: 200ppm
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: 1% (foo
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Page 830 and 831:
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Preservatives 814 NAME: Heptyl para
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Part 12 Sequestrants
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Page 840 and 841:
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FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: Citrates may in
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FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: May cause gastr
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ARSENIC CONTENT MAXIMUM IN ppm: 3 F
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ALTERNATIVES: Citrates; pyrophospha
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: 0.5 HEA
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Sequestrants 834 NAME: Disodium eth
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Sequestrants 836 NAME: Disodium pyr
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Sequestrants 838 NAME: Glucono-delt
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Sequestrants 840 NAME: Isopropyl ci
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ALTERNATIVES: Sodium phosphates TEC
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FUNCTION IN FOODS: Preserves colour
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FUNCTION IN FOODS: Sequestrant, pH
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Sequestrants 850 NAME: Sodium monoh
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Sequestrants 852 NAME: Sodium polyp
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Sequestrants 854 NAME: Sodium tartr
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Sequestrants 856 NAME: Oxystearin C
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Page 880 and 881:
Part 13 Solvents
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Page 885 and 886:
Solvents 866 NAME: Acetylated monog
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Solvents 868 NAME: Amyl acetate CAT
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Solvents 870 NAME: Benzyl alcohol C
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Solvents 872 NAME: 1,3-Butanediol C
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Solvents 874 NAME: Castor oil CATEG
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Solvents 876 NAME: Diethyl tartrate
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Solvents 878 NAME: Ethanol CATEGORY
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Solvents 880 NAME: Ethyl acetate CA
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Solvents 882 NAME: Glycerin CATEGOR
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Solvents 884 (UK and EUROPE: contd)
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Page 908 and 909:
Page 910 and 911:
Page 912 and 913:
TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Soluble
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Used as
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Page 918:
Page 921 and 922:
Sweeteners 902 NAME: Acesulphame CA
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Sweeteners 904 Disintegrant (e.g. l
Page 925 and 926:
Sweeteners 906 FOOD SAFETY ISSUES:
Page 927 and 928:
Sweeteners 908 - USSR Not permitted
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Sweeteners 910 NAME: N-acetylglucos
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Sweeteners 914 NAME: Aspartame CATE
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Sweeteners 916 When used in soft dr
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Sweeteners 918 Approved by FDA in 1
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Sweeteners 920 (f ) If the food con
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Sweeteners 922 Item A.A3, Table III
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Sweeteners 924 NAME: Cyclamate CATE
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Sweeteners 926 No browning reaction
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Sweeteners 928 -West Germany 800 mg
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Sweeteners 930 Budavari, S. (1996)
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Does no
Page 954 and 955:
Herbs and seasonings, §170.3(n)(26
Page 957 and 958:
Sweeteners 938 NAME: Isomalt CATEGO
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Sweeteners 940 NAME: Lactitol CATEG
Page 961:
Sweeteners 942 FOOD SAFETY ISSUES:
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FUNCTION IN FOODS: Bulking agent, s
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- In case material is released or s
Page 969 and 970:
Sweeteners 950 NAME: Mannitol CATEG
Page 971 and 972:
Sweeteners 952 Solubility: 1 g/5.5
Page 973:
Sweeteners 954 REFERENCES: Smith, J
Page 977 and 978:
Sweeteners 958 NAME: Saccharin CATE
Page 979 and 980:
Sweeteners 960 3:1 cyclamate :sacch
Page 981 and 982:
Sweeteners 962 101.11 Saccharin and
Page 983 and 984:
Sweeteners 964 - East Germany 20 to
Page 985:
Sweeteners 966 Canadian Food and Dr
Page 988 and 989:
MELTING RANGE IN °C: Crystalline:
Page 990 and 991:
Stability: stable to heat, chemical
Page 992 and 993:
- Granulation/concentration: 70% co
Page 994 and 995:
Humectant and stabiliser - good hum
Page 996 and 997:
LEGISLATION: USA: GRAS by US FASEB
Page 998 and 999:
CANADA: Canada FDR 67-29 -available
Page 1000 and 1001:
Hexahydric sugar alcohol; isomeric
Page 1002 and 1003:
TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Steviol
Page 1004 and 1005:
OTHER COUNTRIES: Permitted for use
Page 1007 and 1008:
Sweeteners 988 NAME: Sucralose CATE
Page 1009 and 1010:
Sweeteners 990 (4) Desserts; desser
Page 1011 and 1012:
Sweeteners 992 NAME: Thaumatin CATE
Page 1013 and 1014:
Sweeteners 994 Interaction with tas
Page 1015 and 1016:
Sweeteners 996 (c) may have added t
Page 1017:
Sweeteners 998 100,000 times as swe
Page 1020 and 1021:
TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: An affi
Page 1022:
REFERENCES: Smith, J. (1991) Food A
Page 1025 and 1026:
Index 1006 ammonium potassium phosp
Page 1027 and 1028:
Index 1008 CAS 9012-54-8, 402 CAS 9
Page 1029 and 1030:
Index 1010 edible oils and fats, ED
Page 1031 and 1032:
Index 1012 hydrogen peroxide oxidor
Page 1033 and 1034:
Index 1014 688, 690, 692, 694, 696,
Page 1035:
Index 1016 vitamin C, 606, 610, 614
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Food additives data book - wordpres

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