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FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: The provisional tolerable weekly intake is 7 mg/kg bodyweight, expressed as aluminium, from all sources, including natural sources and additive usage. LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: Classed as a multiple purpose GRAS food substance Permitted to GMP in “unstandardized foods” and permitted for use as a leavening agent AUSTRALIA/PACIFIC RIM: UK and EUROPE: Permitted in bakery products, excluding Permitted in scones and sponge wares at up to bread, and in baking powder 1g/kg, expressed as aluminium REFERENCES: Timm, R. G. (1988) Baking powder – factors affecting its performance. In: Bush, P. B., Clarke, I. R., Kort, M. J., and M. F. Smith (Eds.), Functionality of Ingredients in the Baking Industry. Natal Technikon Printers, Durban. Conn, J. F. (1981) Chemical leavening systems in flour products. Cereal <strong>Food</strong>s World, 26(3), 119–123. LaBaw, G. D. (1982) Chemical leavening agents and their use in bakery products. Bakers Digest, 56(1), 16–18, 20–21. Stauffer, C. E. (1994) Chemical leavening. In: Kulp, K. (Ed.), Cookie Chemistry and Technology. American Institute of Baking, Kansas. Sodium aluminium phosphate, acidic 557
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Food Additives Data Book
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© 2003 by Blackwell Science Ltd, a
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Contents vi Part 3 Colourings 121 A
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Contents viii Dextranase (Penicilli
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Contents x Calcium lactate pentahyd
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Contents xii Calcium disodium ethyl
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Editors Jim Smith, PhD, MBA, FIFST
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Part 14—Sweeteners David K. MacKi
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Part 1 Acidulants
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VAPOUR PRESSURE AT VARIOUS -17.2 (1
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Acceptable daily intake for humans
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Acidulants 8 NAME: Adipic acid CATE
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Acidulants 10 Diisobutyl adipate ca
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Acidulants 12 NAME: Caprylic acid C
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Acidulants 14 FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: L
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Acidulants 16 NAME: Citric acid CAT
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Acidulants 18 FUNCTION IN FOODS: Ci
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Acidulants 20 Monoglyceride citrate
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Acidulants 22 Dipotassium citrate:
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Acidulants 24 NAME: Dehydroacetic R
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Acidulants 26 Doores, S. (1990) pH
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: 0.5 HEA
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REFERENCES: Budavari, S., O’Neill
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Glucono
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HEAVY METAL CONTENT MAXIMUM IN 10 p
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It is used to flavour various poult
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Acidulants 40 NAME: Malic acid CATE
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Acidulants 42 The US Internal Reven
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Acidulants 44 NAME: Phosphoric acid
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Acidulants 46 Ammonium phosphate, d
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Acidulants 48 Magnesium phosphate,
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Acidulants 50 Sodium phosphate, dib
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Acidulants 52 cheese, cheese food,
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Acidulants 54 Doores, S. (1990) pH
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VAPOUR PRESSURE AT VARIOUS 4.6 (1 m
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propionate based on the weight of t
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Acidulants 62 NAME: Sodium diacetat
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Acidulants 64 Food Chemicals Codex
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ARSENIC CONTENT MAXIMUM IN ppm: 3 A
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Acidulants 70 NAME: Tartaric acid C
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Acidulants 72 Potassium bitartrate
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Part 2 Antioxidants
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SOLUBILITY % AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURE
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Antioxidants 80 NAME: Ascorbyl palm
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Antioxidants 82 NAME: Sodium ascorb
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Antioxidants 84 NAME: Calcium ascor
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in vegetable oil: @ 25°C 30% cotto
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Antioxidants 90 NAME: Butylated hyd
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Antioxidants 92 REFERENCES: Sustane
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Antioxidants 96 NAME: Propyl gallat
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Antioxidants 98 (USA: contd) Pizza
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FUNCTION IN FOODS: Prevents oxidati
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Antioxidants 104 NAME: Tocopherols,
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Antioxidants 106 NAME: Beta-caroten
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REFERENCES: Schuler, P. (1990) In:
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Antioxidants 112 NAME: Tocopherol,
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Antioxidants 114 NAME: Citric acid
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Antioxidants 116 NAME: Ethylenediam
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Antioxidants 118 NAME: L-Tartaric a
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Part 3 Colourings
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HEAVY METAL CONTENT MAXIMUM 50 IN p
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Colourings 126 NAME: Allura Red AC
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Colourings 128 FOOD SAFETY ISSUES:
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HEAVY METAL CONTENT MAXIMUM IN
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Colourings 134 NAME: Amaranth CATEG
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Colourings 136 LEGISLATION: USA: CA
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PURITY %: Bixin powders 25%; norbix
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STRUCTURE OF ANNATTO: CH 3 CH3 RO C
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BOILING POINT IN °C AT VARIOUS N/A
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REFERENCES: Jackman, R. L., Yada, R
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Colourings 150 NAME: Brilliant Blue
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VAPOUR PRESSURE AT VARIOUS N/A TEMP
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Colourings 158 NAME: Brown HT CATEG
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: 5 HEAVY
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Colourings 168 NAME: Plain caramel
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: Typical
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Colourings 176 NAME: Caustic sulphi
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: Typical
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Colourings 184 NAME: Beetroot red C
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: 21.0% H
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Colourings 192 NAME: Carminic acid
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PURITY %: Not less than 85% dye con
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Colourings 200 NAME: Beta-carotene
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Colourings 202 LEGISLATION: USA: UK
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Colourings 208 NAME: Chlorophyll CA
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Colourings 210 ANTAGONISTS: Sulphur
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Colourings 212 NAME: Chlorophyllin
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Colourings 220 NAME: Copper chlorop
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: N/A HEA
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Colourings 228 NAME: Curcumin CATEG
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Colourings 230 ANTAGONISTS: Strong
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: 15 HEAV
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Colourings 236 NAME: Ethyl ester of
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Colourings 238 When used to colour
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PURITY %: 85% miniumum WATER CONTEN
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Colourings 244 NAME: Gold CATEGORY:
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PURITY %: Not less than 80% total c
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Colourings 252 NAME: Indigotine CAT
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ANTAGONISTS: None known FOOD SAFETY
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Colourings 262 NAME: Yellow iron ox
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Colourings 270 NAME: Monascus CATEG
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Colourings 274 NAME: Brilliant Blac
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PURITY %: Content not less than 85%
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Colourings 282 NAME: Ponceau 4R CAT
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WATER CONTENT MAXIMUM IN %: 30 HEAV
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Colourings 290 NAME: Ponceau SX CAT
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Colourings 292 REFERENCE: Walford,
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ARSENIC CONTENT MAXIMUM IN ppm: 3 A
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PURITY %: 85% total colouring matte
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Colourings 300 NAME: Tartrazine CAT
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Colourings 304 NAME: Titanium dioxi
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Colourings 312 NAME: Vegetable carb
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Colourings 320 NAME: Santalin CATEG
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Colourings 328 NAME: Lycopene CATEG
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OH CH 3 Capsorubin CH3 CH3 CH 3 CH3
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Colourings 340 NAME: Riboflavin-5¢
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Emulsifiers 344 NAME: Mono- and dig
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Emulsifiers 346 LEGISLATION: USA: U
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FUNCTION IN FOODS: Emulsion-stabili
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ALTERNATIVES: Lactic acid esters/ p
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Crystal
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FUNCTION IN FOODS: Used in bread an
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Can mod
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Emulsifiers 360 NAME: Succinic acid
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Emulsifiers 362 NAME: Tartaric acid
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Emulsifiers 366 NAME: Lecithins CAT
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Emulsifiers 368 NAME: Polyglycerol
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Emulsifiers 370 NAME: Polyglycerol
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Emulsifiers 372 NAME: Propylene gly
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Emulsifiers 374 NAME: Sodium stearo
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Emulsifiers 376 NAME: Calcium stear
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Emulsifiers 378 NAME: Sorbitan este
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Emulsifiers 380 NAME: Polysorbates
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Emulsifiers 382 NAME: Sucrose ester
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Emulsifiers 384 NAME: Ammonium phos
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Emulsifiers 386 NAME: Di-octyl sodi
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Part 5 Enzymes
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ANTAGONISTS: Cereals - inhibited by
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Enzymes 394 activity NAME: Amyloglu
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Enzymes 396 NAME: Anthocyanase CATE
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LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: GRAS stat
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LEGISLATION: USA: UK and EUROPE: GR
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Enzymes 404 NAME: Beta-glucosidase
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Enzymes 406 NAME: Bromelain CATEGOR
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Enzymes 410 NAME: Cellobiase (Asper
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Enzymes 416 NAME: Dextranase (Penic
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Enzymes 420 NAME: Ficin (Ficus spp.
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Enzymes 422 NAME: Glucoamylase CATE
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Enzymes 424 NAME: Glucose isomerase
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Enzymes 426 NAME: Glucose oxidase C
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Enzymes 428 NAME: Hemicellulase (As
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Enzymes 432 NAME: Invertase CATEGOR
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Enzymes 438 NAME: Microbial rennet
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Enzymes 442 NAME: Papain (papaya sp
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Enzymes 444 NAME: Pectinase CATEGOR
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Enzymes 446 NAME: Penicillin amidas
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REFERENCES: Ash, M., and Ash, I. (1
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Enzymes 452 NAME: Pullulanase CATEG
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REFERENCES: Ash, M., and Ash, I. (1
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Enzymes 458 NAME: Tannase CATEGORY:
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Enzymes 462 NAME: Xylanase CATEGORY
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Flavour Enhancers 464 NAME: Acetic
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Flavour Enhancers 466 (USA: contd)
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Flavour Enhancers 470 NAME: Red alg
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Pre-solubilised: shelf-stable solut
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Flavour Enhancers 476 NAME: Esteras
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LEGISLATION: USA: UK and EUROPE: FD
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solvent; texture modifier; vehicle
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Flavour Enhancers 484 NAME: Licoric
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FUNCTION IN FOODS: Flavour adjuvant
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ANY OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION: Man
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Flavour Enhancers 494 NAME: Potassi
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Flavour Enhancers 496 NAME: Monosod
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Flavour Enhancers 498 REFERENCE: Le
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ALTERNATIVES: Ammonium chloride/ Ca
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Flavour Enhancers 504 NAME: Sodium
Page 525: Flavour Enhancers 506 REFERENCE: Le
Page 528 and 529: FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: Moderately toxi
Page 530 and 531: FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: Poison by inges
Page 532 and 533: TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: 1 gram
Page 534 and 535: LEGISLATION: USA: UK and EUROPE: FD
Page 536 and 537: LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: FDA 21CFR
Page 538 and 539: LEGISLATION: USA: UK and EUROPE: FD
Page 541: Flavour Enhancers 522 NAME: Licoric
Page 545 and 546: Flavour Enhancers 526 NAME: Sucralo
Page 547 and 548: Flavour Enhancers 528 NAME: Thaumat
Page 549: Flavour Enhancers 530 NAME: Potassi
Page 552: LEGISLATION: USA: UK and EUROPE: FD
Page 555 and 556: Flour Additives 536 NAME: Alpha-amy
Page 557 and 558: Flour Additives 538 NAME: Chlorine
Page 559 and 560: Flour Additives 540 NAME: Chlorine
Page 561 and 562: Flour Additives 542 NAME: Glucono-d
Page 563 and 564: Flour Additives 544 NAME: Disodium
Page 565 and 566: Flour Additives 546 NAME: Monopotas
Page 567 and 568: Flour Additives 548 NAME: Hemicellu
Page 569 and 570: Flour Additives 550 NAME: Calcium t
Page 571 and 572: Flour Additives 552 NAME: L-Cystein
Page 573 and 574: Flour Additives 554 NAME: Sodium hy
Page 575: Flour Additives 556 NAME: Sodium al
Page 579: Gases 560 NAME: Argon CATEGORY: Pac
Page 583 and 584: Gases 564 NAME: Nitrous oxide CATEG
Page 585 and 586: Gases 566 NAME: Ozone CATEGORY: Gas
Page 587 and 588: Gases 568 NAME: Carbon dioxide CATE
Page 589 and 590: Gases 570 NAME: Nitrogen CATEGORY:
Page 592 and 593: Part 9 Nutritive Additives
Page 594 and 595: LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: Regulatio
Page 596 and 597: LEGISLATION: USA: CANADA: Regulatio
Page 599 and 600: Nutritive Additives 580 NAME: Nicot
Page 601 and 602: Nutritive Additives 582 NAME: Pyrid
Page 603 and 604: Nutritive Additives 584 NAME: Ribof
Page 605 and 606: Nutritive Additives 586 NAME: Ribof
Page 607 and 608: Nutritive Additives 588 NAME: Thiam
Page 609 and 610: Nutritive Additives 590 NAME: Thiam
Page 611 and 612: Nutritive Additives 592 NAME: Calci
Page 613 and 614: Nutritive Additives 594 NAME: Natur
Page 615 and 616: Nutritive Additives 596 NAME: Beta-
Page 617: Nutritive Additives 598 NAME: Phyto
Page 621 and 622: Nutritive Additives 602 NAME: Niaci
Page 623: Nutritive Additives 604 NAME: Thiam
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Nutritive Additives 610 NAME: Ascor
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Nutritive Additives 612 NAME: Bioti
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Nutritive Additives 614 NAME: Calci
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Nutritive Additives 626 NAME: Chole
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Nutritive Additives 628 NAME: Cupri
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Nutritive Additives 630 NAME: Cyano
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Nutritive Additives 632 NAME: Ergoc
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Nutritive Additives 634 NAME: Ferro
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Nutritive Additives 636 NAME: Ferri
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Nutritive Additives 638 NAME: Ferro
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Nutritive Additives 640 NAME: Folic
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Nutritive Additives 642 NAME: Magne
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Nutritive Additives 644 NAME: Magne
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Nutritive Additives 646 NAME: Sodiu
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Nutritive Additives 648 NAME: Reduc
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Nutritive Additives 650 NAME: Retin
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Nutritive Additives 656 NAME: Zinc
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Part 10 Polysaccharides
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Agar is a mixture of agaran (agaros
Page 682 and 683:
Alginates are composed of blocks of
Page 684 and 685:
SYNERGISTS: Divalent ion, pectins A
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Large quantities of gum arabic are
Page 690 and 691:
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Carrage
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Polysaccharides 676 NAME: Kappa-car
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Polysaccharides 678 REFERENCES: Ash
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Carrage
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Polysaccharides 684 NAME: Carrageen
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Polysaccharides 686 LEGISLATION: US
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LEGISLATION: USA: UK and EUROPE: AU
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SYNERGISTS: Xanthan ANTAGONISTS: No
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The viscosity of carboxymethyl cell
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In comparison with many other polys
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SYNERGISTS: Casein; chitosan; locus
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Forms strong, brittle gels which ar
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FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: Non-toxic. The
Page 722 and 723:
synergistic interaction with xantha
Page 724 and 725:
Hydroxy ethyl cellulose has useful
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Hydroxy
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Hydroxy
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LEGISLATION: Usage level: Limitatio
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formation. The synergistic interact
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Methyl celluloses have four importa
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increasing molecular weight and dec
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FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: Mildly toxic. L
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LEGISLATION: Usage level: Limitatio
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SYNERGISTS: Guar; locust bean gum A
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Preservatives 732 NAME: Sorbic acid
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Preservatives 734 SYNERGISTS: Sulph
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Preservatives 740 NAME: Potassium s
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Preservatives 742 ANTAGONISTS: Non-
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Preservatives 748 NAME: Benzoic aci
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Preservatives 750 LEGISLATION: USA:
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Usage l
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Preservatives 756 NAME: Potassium b
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Preservatives 758 NAME: Calcium ben
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Preservatives 760 NAME: Ethyl-4-hyd
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Preservatives 762 NAME: Ethyl-4-hyd
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Preservatives 768 NAME: Methyl para
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Preservatives 770 NAME: Methyl-4-hy
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Multifu
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Multifu
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FUNCTION IN FOODS: Antimicrobial pr
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LEGISLATION: USA: UK and EUROPE: CA
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FOOD SAFETY ISSUES: Normal humans a
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Impregn
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LEGISLATION: USA: UK and EUROPE: EP
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Preservatives 792 NAME: Thiabendazo
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Cheese
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Preservatives 798 NAME: Potassium n
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Preservatives 800 NAME: Sodium nitr
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Preservatives 802 NAME: Sodium nitr
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Preservatives 804 NAME: Potassium n
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Preservatives 806 NAME: Propionic a
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Preservatives 808 NAME: Sodium prop
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Preservatives 810 NAME: Calcium pro
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Preservatives 812 NAME: Potassium p
Page 834:
TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Antioxi
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Sequestrants 818 NAME: Calcium acet
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Sequestrants 820 NAME: Calcium chlo
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Sequestrants 822 NAME: Calcium citr
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Sequestrants 824 NAME: Calcium gluc
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Sequestrants 826 NAME: Calcium sulp
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Sequestrants 828 NAME: Calcium diso
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Sequestrants 830 NAME: Citric acid
Page 851:
Sequestrants 832 FOOD SAFETY ISSUES
Page 854 and 855:
FUNCTION IN FOODS: Stabilises lard
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Page 858 and 859:
TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: 1% solu
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Sequestrants 842 NAME: Potassium ph
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Sequestrants 844 NAME: Potassium ph
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Sequestrants 846 NAME: Potassium so
Page 867:
Sequestrants 848 NAME: Manganese ci
Page 870 and 871:
FUNCTION IN FOODS: Used as a buffer
Page 872 and 873:
everages; decreases loss of carbona
Page 874 and 875:
Page 877 and 878:
Sequestrants 858 NAME: Phosphoric a
Page 879 and 880:
Sequestrants 860 NAME: Potassium di
Page 881 and 882:
Solvents 862 NAME: Acetic acid CATE
Page 883:
Solvents 864 LEGISLATION: USA: CANA
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REFERENCES: Lewis, R. J. (1989) Foo
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ARSENIC CONTENT MAXIMUM IN ppm: 3 S
Page 892 and 893:
Page 894 and 895:
TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Excelle
Page 896 and 897:
TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Slightl
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Page 900 and 901:
TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Keep ti
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HEAVY METAL CONTENT MAXIMUM IN 5 pp
Page 905 and 906:
Solvents 886 NAME: Isopropanol CATE
Page 907 and 908:
Solvents 888 NAME: Lactic acid (D,
Page 909 and 910:
Solvents 890 NAME: Methanol CATEGOR
Page 911 and 912:
Solvents 892 NAME: Mono- and diglyc
Page 913 and 914:
Solvents 894 NAME: Octyl alcohol CA
Page 915 and 916:
Solvents 896 NAME: 1,2-Propanediol
Page 917 and 918:
Solvents 898 NAME: Triacetyl glycer
Page 920 and 921:
Part 14 Sweeteners
Page 922 and 923:
Page 924 and 925:
Commercially successful combination
Page 926 and 927:
(5) Dry bases for gelatins, pudding
Page 928 and 929:
No approval required for use in man
Page 931:
Sweeteners 912 NAME: Arabinose CATE
Page 934 and 935:
Page 936 and 937:
neutral solutions such as dairy pro
Page 938 and 939:
(9) Frozen stick-type confections a
Page 940 and 941:
Table IX - Food additives that may
Page 942 and 943:
Minifie, B. W. (1989) Chocolate, Co
Page 944 and 945:
Characteristics of sweeteners (1 :1
Page 946 and 947:
In 1985, National Academic of Scien
Page 948 and 949:
(b) the energy value of the sweeten
Page 951 and 952:
Sweeteners 932 NAME: Glycyrrhizin C
Page 953 and 954:
Sweeteners 934 (2) Ammoniated glycy
Page 955:
Sweeteners 936 ANY OTHER RELEVANT I
Page 958 and 959:
Does not produce a cooling sensatio
Page 960 and 961:
FUNCTION IN FOODS: Bulking agent: a
Page 963 and 964:
Sweeteners 944 NAME: Maltitol CATEG
Page 965 and 966:
Sweeteners 946 - Mesh size: MR 100,
Page 967:
Sweeteners 948 REFERENCES: Smith, J
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TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Functio
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(c) The ingredient is used as an an
Page 975:
Sweeteners 956 NAME: Monellin CATEG
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PROPERTIES AND APPEARANCE: Sodium s
Page 980 and 981:
SYNERGISTS: With isomalt, it masks
Page 982 and 983:
(e) Manufacturers who do not custom
Page 984 and 985:
E.01.005 - Commencing June 1, 1979,
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Sweeteners 968 NAME: Sorbitol CATEG
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Sweeteners 970 - increased resistan
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Sweeteners 972 Sorbitol solution, U
Page 993 and 994:
Sweeteners 974 Solubility at 37°C:
Page 995 and 996:
Sweeteners 976 Used as a humectant
Page 997 and 998:
Sweeteners 978 (b) The ingredient m
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Sweeteners 980 - Maximum level: 5 m
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Sweeteners 982 NAME: Stevioside CAT
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Sweeteners 984 LEGISLATION: USA: No
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Sweeteners 986 Taste profile improv
Page 1008 and 1009:
TECHNOLOGY OF USE IN FOODS: Stable
Page 1010 and 1011:
ANY OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION: Tri
Page 1012 and 1013:
Due to licorice taste and delayed s
Page 1014 and 1015:
Regulatory Status: ADI level as of
Page 1016 and 1017:
REFERENCES: Smith, J. (1991) Food A
Page 1019 and 1020:
Sweeteners 1000 NAME: Xylitol CATEG
Page 1021 and 1022:
Sweeteners 1002 Suitable for diabet
Page 1024 and 1025:
(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4 methyoxypheno
Page 1026 and 1027:
calcium phosphate dibasic, 616, 618
Page 1028 and 1029:
diethyl tartrate, 70, 876-7 diferoy
Page 1030 and 1031:
ethyl paraben, 762 ethyl tartrate,
Page 1032 and 1033:
methylacetopyronone, 24 methylcellu
Page 1034 and 1035:
sodium sorbate, 733, 736-8, 741, 74
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Food additives data book - wordpres

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