Post 2015: Global Action for an Inclusive and Sustainable Future

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CHApTER EIgHT The early 2000s saw a significant upturn in primary commodity prices After two decades of low prices, the nominal price of many primary commodities rose markedly from 2002, reaching an all-time high in mid-2008. 152 Figure 8.3 Monthly commodity price indices by commodity group, January 2000–May 2012 (2000=100) 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Price Index – All groups (in terms of current dollars) Price Index – All groups (in terms of SDRs) Nissanke and Kuleshov, 2012 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 2000 0 2000 2001 2001 Food Vegetable oilseeds and oils Nissanke and Kuleshov, 2012 2002 2002 2003 2003 2004 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 Tropical beverages Agricultural raw materials EuropEan rEport on DEvElopmEnt 2013 2007 Minerals, ores and metals Crude petroleum average of all varieties (in $ barrel) 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011 2012 2012
Box 8.2 Political economy of commodity dependence – the case of Côte d’Ivoire Although cocoa is no longer as economically dominant as it once was, it continues to be a major source of livelihoods in Côte d’Ivoire, along with coffee and cotton. Its historical reliance on cocoa has had major implications for the country’s economic and political development, underlining the effects of commodity dependence on development trajectories. Continuous high cocoa prices following independence in 1960 and the availability of land, led the government of Houphouët-Boigny (himself originally a cocoa farmer) to encourage immigration and internal migration to exploit the land for cocoa production, and Côte d’Ivoire experienced 15 ‘miracle’ years. But prices declined in the late 1970s, despite attempts to withhold stocks and curtail supply. The lack of new land for further planting, declining productivity of existing cocoa trees and spiralling debt set the scene for structural adjustment, popular protest, multi-party elections, the break-up of Houphouët-Boigny’s ‘grand coalition’ and the divisive ethnic politics of later years. Unemployment and return migration to rural areas added to land pressure, resentment against immigrants, and the beginnings of social instability. This undermined both the economy and the political stability that cocoa rent redistribution had permitted while prices were high. Some argue (e.g. Boone, 2007) that liberalisation policies have further decentralised rents, retarding growth through a failure to centralise and use rents productively. In the more recent post-electoral crisis, the ban on cocoa exports, which meant forfeiting export tax revenues, was one of the measures that contributed to the ousting of the president. What role, then, for trade policy in encouraging economic transformation in Côte d’Ivoire? The West African Economic and Monetary Union common external tariff was introduced in 2000 but Côte d’Ivoire’s trade with its co-members did not increase due to remaining barriers to trade in the region, including additional levies, import bans and non-tariff barriers – which underscore the need for trade policy to go beyond tariff measures. The surge in trade with ECOWAS is due mainly to imports of Nigerian crude oil and return exports of refined petrol, which is not transformational. To date the interim EPA with the EU has not had a major impact on Côte d’Ivoire’s trade patterns compared with the previous Cotonou regime, although the alternative of using the GSP might well have had a negative impact on trade flows. While exports increasingly include a degree of value-addition, history suggests that trade policy will have a role in promoting economic transformation only if political and economic interest groups can align on agendas that promote deeper structural transformation poSt-2015: Global actIon For an IncluSIvE anD SuStaInablE FuturE 153
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EUROPEAN REPORT ON DEVELOPMENT 2013
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MOBILISING EUROPEAN RESEARCH FOR DE
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FOREWORD The development road we ha
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ACknOWlEDgEmEnT The European report
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TAblE OF COnTEnTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT V
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CHAPTER 9. PEOPLE: LABOUR MIGRATION
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Figure 5.2 Evolution of depth of po
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EITI Extractive Industries transpar
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PSG peace-building and state-buildi
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mainly countries in Europe, north a
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ExEcutivE Summary poSt-2015: Global
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ExECuTIvE SummARy poSt-2015: Global
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poSt-2015: Global actIon For an Inc
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THE DEPLOYMENT OF A BROAD RANGE OF
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introduction poSt-2015: Global actI
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2. The case for global collective a
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upon in order to promote a developm
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to achieve inclusive and sustainabl
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contribute to a global framework fo
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Part i. KEEPing thE PromiSE of thE
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mortality, and clean water and sani
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Table 1.2 Non-income MDGs, 1990-201
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Several regions significantly reduc
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Figure 1.1 Sectoral allocation of b
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of tailored objectives that are ins
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policy discourse. In particular, th
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processes and implementation arrang
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NEPAL RWANDA COTE D’IVOIRE PERU E
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• Nepal after over 200 years as a
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Box 2.3 Côte d’Ivoire’s MDG ac
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Declaration and the mDGs, and were
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drive or obstruct poverty-reduction
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Driven by political survival and co
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oader political processes in which
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incentive structures within which e
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partners: their capacities as donor
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Box 2.9 Fragility - Country case ex
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towards the achievement of the mDGs
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3.2 The EU’s role in advancing th
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at the 2010 mDG Summit, un member s
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adopted by individual governments,
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discussions on pcD are not based on
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Part ii. thE changing contExt for a
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Figure 4.1 Changing global power 20
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crops (ErD, 2012). at the same time
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egimes, and donor-driven aid condit
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for an Eu position to be agreed ahe
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of people living in extreme income
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the mDGs needs to concentrate on th
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deprivation, whether directly or th
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has been declining since the early
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vulnerability (ErD 2012). this repo
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a set of global development goals i
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need to focus on eradicating existi
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27.5 25 22.5 20 17.5 15 12.5 10 7.5
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105 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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due to the so-called arab Spring in
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moreover, migration policy can shap
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the Eu and 9% for the uSa. these sh
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accumulation patterns (from 35% of
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Table 6.1 Poverty projections expec
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6.3.1 Atmosphere and global warming
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supports ecosystem services that pr
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about 70% (mainly led by china, Ind
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Page 141 and 142: ECONOMY DEMOGRAPHY ENVIRONMENT NEUT
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Page 145 and 146: Current USD Billions Current USD Bi
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Page 149 and 150: lmIcs and lIcs (oEcD, 2011b). Figur
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Page 155 and 156: India (de Jesus, 2012). there has b
Page 157 and 158: levels of formal education. third,
Page 159 and 160: While the mobilisation of funds fro
Page 161 and 162: Box 7.4 EU blending facilities Sinc
Page 163 and 164: Box 7.5 The toolbox of innovative f
Page 165 and 166: Figure 7.8 Net capital flows to dev
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Page 169 and 170: and financial inclusion (Deuchert a
Page 171 and 172: Box 7.8 Implications for post-2015
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Page 175 and 176: PREDICTABILITY ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENC
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Page 181 and 182: Box 8.1 Joining the flying geese Ka
Page 183 and 184: these structural shifts in the driv
Page 185 and 186: traditional donors and investors, c
Page 187 and 188: 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Sou
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Page 211 and 212: the 2008 global financial crisis le
Page 213 and 214: Macro-economic impact International
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Page 229 and 230: 9.5.2 Mode IV in the WTO the Wto’
Page 231 and 232: 9.6.2 What a post-2015 framework sh
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10.3.1 Poverty eradication as part
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Box 10.1 Economic and social inclus
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Box 10.2 Youth Employment About 85%
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International development partners
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at the multilateral level, the link
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• South-South Cooperation resourc
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information and evaluation initiati
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for consultative processes to take
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e added later. Equally it would be
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- such as their size and geographic
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(com, 2011). the aid-effectiveness
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Box 10.5 Areas for EU support: Reco
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there will need to be a continuing
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unrISD (2010) Combating Poverty and
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moore, m. (2011) ‘The Governance
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Chapter 4 birdsall, n. (2012) ‘Th
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Kharas, H. and rogerson, a. (2012)
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Kharas, H. and rogerson, a. (2012)
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cobham, a. (2012) ‘tax Havens and
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lall, r. (2011) ‘reforming Global
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unDp (2012) ‘What Is South-South
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Fine, b. (2009) ‘neoliberalism in
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Sindzingre, a. (2009) ‘The impact
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chanda, r. (2004) Movement and Pres
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Kouadio, E.K., ouattara, Y. and Sou
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un-InStraW and SaIIa (2007) Gender,
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Winters, a. and martins, p. (2004)
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Goals and Targets (from the Millenn
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Goals and Targets (from the Millenn
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conflict assessment, which also del
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the case study report suggests that
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in rwanda compared to an average of
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large educated class. Immigration w
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administration, with greater autono
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example, in low increases in tax ef
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AnnEx 3 - CORE pRInCIplES FOR InvES
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MOBILISING EUROPEAN RESEARCH FOR DE
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Post 2015: Global Action for an Inclusive and Sustainable Future

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