Post 2015: Global Action for an Inclusive and Sustainable Future

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THE DIRECTORS’ FOREWORD vI Over the past decade the millennium Development Goals (mDGs) have become one of the cornerstones of the international development effort in a way that few stakeholders perhaps envisaged when they were first formulated. their success makes it all the more important that a new global framework for development builds on the evidence and learning that has taken place to date. not doing so would be a step backwards. Defining this new international development agenda and codifying it into a single agreed framework is thus a vital task for the international community over the next two years. We are delighted therefore that our 3 institutes, EcDpm, DIE and oDI, have had the opportunity to work together on this post-2015 theme for the 2013 edition of the European report on Development (ErD). as institutes dedicated to producing policy relevant research we are committed to marshaling the research evidence that policy makers and other stakeholders need to conduct an informed debate and presenting it an accessible form. We have also been well supported by the insights of colleagues in research institutes in nepal, rwanda, côte d’Ivoire and peru who conducted national case studies to add to the evidence at our disposal. the case studies underline the diversity of experiences countries have made with the mDGs and highlight common concerns and perspectives from developing counties regarding a new global framework for development. We very much hope therefore that this report provides a substantive input to the debate on a post- 2015 framework. Dr. alison Evans Director of oDI Dr. paul Engel Director of EcDpm EuropEan rEport on DEvElopmEnt 2013 although the mDGs have in many ways been a success, they have also had their limitations. In a changing international context with global development challenges becoming more acute by the day, more of the same is unlikely to produce similar progress over the next decade or so beyond 2015. In this report we have therefore set out a range of issues that need to be seriously considered in the next framework. the report does not claim to have all the answers or provide a blueprint for action, rather it identifies a number of key international drivers of development: development finance, trade, investment and migration and argues that global collective action in these areas could have a major impact in the next framework. It also builds on the topics of the three previous editions of the ErD: fragility, social protection and the management of resource scarcity, all of which remain highly relevant to this debate. lastly, as European institutes writing a European report we have also been concerned to look closely at what Europe, as one group of nations, can contribute to a post-2015 global framework for development. Global collective action will be essential to the success of the new framework. the report suggests ways in which the European union, its member States and institutions, but also by extension its citizens, civil society, private sector and other actors can contribute to this collective effort. We hope the ideas and evidence in this report will help us all rise to this challenge. prof. Dr. Dirk messner Director of DIE
ACknOWlEDgEmEnT The European report on Development (ErD) is the main output of the ‘mobilising European research for Development policies’ initiative, supported by the European commission and seven member States (Finland, France, Germany, luxembourg, Spain, Sweden and the united Kingdom). the ErD 2013 was prepared by a consortium of three independent research centres: the European centre for Development policy management (EcDpm), the German Development Institute/Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), and the overseas Development Institute (oDI). as part of the writing process, the core team organised a series of consultative events and workshops in abidjan, bonn, brussels, Kathmandu, Kigali, lima and london. We are immensely grateful for the support and contributions made by the participants at the consultations and workshops and through written comments. We would like to give special thanks to the researchers who prepared the four country case studies: Eric Kouadio, Yaya ouattara and Souleymane Sadio Diallo of the centre Ivoirien de recherches Economiques et Sociales (cIrES) for the côte d’Ivoire study; posh raj pandey and ratnakar adhikari of the South asia Watch on trade, Economics and Environment (SaWtEE) and bandita Sijapati of Social Science baha for the nepal study; Julio berdegué of rimisp and roxana barrantes of the Insituto de Estudios peruanos (IEp) for the peru study; and, pamela abbott and Dickson malunda of the Institute of policy analysis and research (Ipar) for the rwanda study. the ErD team also commissioned 13 background papers from 20 researchers worldwide and a series of literature reviews, we are grateful for those contributions. the report was drafted by a team of researchers from the three participating institutions, including Yurendra basnett, bruce byiers, Florence Dafe, raphaëlle Faure, Joerg Faust, mark Furness, renate Hartwig, Heiner Janus, Jodie Keane, niels Keijzer, Henrike Klavert, Stephan Klingebiel (core team), anna Knoll, James mackie (core team leader), pedro martins (core team), Isabella massa, claire melamed, alina rocha menocal, Emma Samman and Jan vanheukelom. We would also like to thank ahmed ali, Steffen bauer, clara brandi, Frauke de Weijer and romilly Greenhill for their valuable comments and inputs throughout the process. We thank paul Engel, alison Evans, Dirk messner and others for reviewing and commenting on successive drafts. We would also like to thank those who provided invaluable comments on the successive drafts of the ErD 2013. We thank the ErD editing and communications team: Deborah Eade, raphaëlle Faure, Gill Hart, Sonia niznik, matthias ruchser, Johanna Schwartz (bertie Films), our agency, and others who supported us in this work. We thank the representatives from the European commission, Finland, France, Germany luxembourg, Spain, Sweden and the united Kingdom to the ErD Steering committee for their guidance and comments. We also thank professor François bourguignon for his excellent scientific advice. In particular we wish to thank from the European commission: charlotte bué, piera calcinaghi, Gaspar Frontini, Kevin mccarthy, nicoletta merlo and Françoise moreau. poSt-2015: Global actIon For an IncluSIvE anD SuStaInablE FuturE vII
Page 1 and 2: EUROPEAN REPORT ON DEVELOPMENT 2013
Page 3 and 4: MOBILISING EUROPEAN RESEARCH FOR DE
Page 5: FOREWORD The development road we ha
Page 9 and 10: TAblE OF COnTEnTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT V
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 9. PEOPLE: LABOUR MIGRATION
Page 13 and 14: Figure 5.2 Evolution of depth of po
Page 15 and 16: EITI Extractive Industries transpar
Page 17 and 18: PSG peace-building and state-buildi
Page 19 and 20: mainly countries in Europe, north a
Page 21 and 22: ExEcutivE Summary poSt-2015: Global
Page 23 and 24: ExECuTIvE SummARy poSt-2015: Global
Page 25 and 26: poSt-2015: Global actIon For an Inc
Page 37 and 38: THE DEPLOYMENT OF A BROAD RANGE OF
Page 39 and 40: introduction poSt-2015: Global actI
Page 41 and 42: 2. The case for global collective a
Page 43 and 44: upon in order to promote a developm
Page 45 and 46: to achieve inclusive and sustainabl
Page 47 and 48: contribute to a global framework fo
Page 49 and 50: Part i. KEEPing thE PromiSE of thE
Page 51 and 52: mortality, and clean water and sani
Page 53 and 54: Table 1.2 Non-income MDGs, 1990-201
Page 55 and 56: Several regions significantly reduc
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Figure 1.1 Sectoral allocation of b
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of tailored objectives that are ins
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policy discourse. In particular, th
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processes and implementation arrang
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NEPAL RWANDA COTE D’IVOIRE PERU E
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• Nepal after over 200 years as a
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Box 2.3 Côte d’Ivoire’s MDG ac
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Declaration and the mDGs, and were
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drive or obstruct poverty-reduction
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Driven by political survival and co
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oader political processes in which
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incentive structures within which e
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partners: their capacities as donor
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Box 2.9 Fragility - Country case ex
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towards the achievement of the mDGs
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3.2 The EU’s role in advancing th
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at the 2010 mDG Summit, un member s
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adopted by individual governments,
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discussions on pcD are not based on
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Part ii. thE changing contExt for a
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Figure 4.1 Changing global power 20
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crops (ErD, 2012). at the same time
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egimes, and donor-driven aid condit
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for an Eu position to be agreed ahe
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of people living in extreme income
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the mDGs needs to concentrate on th
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deprivation, whether directly or th
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has been declining since the early
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vulnerability (ErD 2012). this repo
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a set of global development goals i
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need to focus on eradicating existi
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27.5 25 22.5 20 17.5 15 12.5 10 7.5
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105 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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due to the so-called arab Spring in
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moreover, migration policy can shap
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the Eu and 9% for the uSa. these sh
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accumulation patterns (from 35% of
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Table 6.1 Poverty projections expec
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6.3.1 Atmosphere and global warming
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supports ecosystem services that pr
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about 70% (mainly led by china, Ind
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scarcity leads to high and volatile
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ECONOMY DEMOGRAPHY ENVIRONMENT NEUT
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Part iii. drivErS of thE global Par
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Current USD Billions Current USD Bi
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global financial crisis has reduced
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lmIcs and lIcs (oEcD, 2011b). Figur
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Box 7.1 Efforts to increase tax rev
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While SSc is not new, it has receiv
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India (de Jesus, 2012). there has b
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levels of formal education. third,
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While the mobilisation of funds fro
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Box 7.4 EU blending facilities Sinc
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Box 7.5 The toolbox of innovative f
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Figure 7.8 Net capital flows to dev
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which are many in developed countri
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and financial inclusion (Deuchert a
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Box 7.8 Implications for post-2015
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a means to reach development goals
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PREDICTABILITY ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENC
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this chapter first looks at some of
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social development, largely fuelled
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Box 8.1 Joining the flying geese Ka
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these structural shifts in the driv
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traditional donors and investors, c
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1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Sou
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Figure 8.2 Share of primary commodi
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Box 8.2 Political economy of commod
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achieve results. With regard to tra
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in turn is highly dependent on Eu p
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productive capacity through value-a
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economies are structurally marginal
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impede exports to Eu, which are inc
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fair access to and equitable distri
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lDcs to foster trade growth and ach
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the role for trade and investment p
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labour migration produces remittanc
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the 2008 global financial crisis le
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Macro-economic impact International
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Social impact and psychological wel
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labour during that period. this pro
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Millions 10.4 4 N 3 2 1 0 Mexico-US
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migration programmes (tmps) are usu
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date, four mobility partnerships ha
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labour organization (Ilo) refers to
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workers, point to areas of concern
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9.5.2 Mode IV in the WTO the Wto’
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9.6.2 What a post-2015 framework sh
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concluSionS and rEcommEndationS Thi
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‘how’). this chapter also consi
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and so do not figure much in the go
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tackling global challenges. While s
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10.3.1 Poverty eradication as part
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Box 10.1 Economic and social inclus
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Box 10.2 Youth Employment About 85%
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International development partners
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at the multilateral level, the link
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• South-South Cooperation resourc
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information and evaluation initiati
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for consultative processes to take
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e added later. Equally it would be
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- such as their size and geographic
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(com, 2011). the aid-effectiveness
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Box 10.5 Areas for EU support: Reco
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there will need to be a continuing
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poSt-2015: Global actIon For an Inc
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unrISD (2010) Combating Poverty and
Page 271 and 272:
moore, m. (2011) ‘The Governance
Page 273 and 274:
Chapter 4 birdsall, n. (2012) ‘Th
Page 275 and 276:
Kharas, H. and rogerson, a. (2012)
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Kharas, H. and rogerson, a. (2012)
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cobham, a. (2012) ‘tax Havens and
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lall, r. (2011) ‘reforming Global
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unDp (2012) ‘What Is South-South
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Fine, b. (2009) ‘neoliberalism in
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Sindzingre, a. (2009) ‘The impact
Page 289 and 290:
chanda, r. (2004) Movement and Pres
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Kouadio, E.K., ouattara, Y. and Sou
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un-InStraW and SaIIa (2007) Gender,
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Winters, a. and martins, p. (2004)
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poSt-2015: Global actIon For an Inc
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Goals and Targets (from the Millenn
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Goals and Targets (from the Millenn
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conflict assessment, which also del
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the case study report suggests that
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in rwanda compared to an average of
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large educated class. Immigration w
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administration, with greater autono
Page 313 and 314:
example, in low increases in tax ef
Page 315 and 316:
AnnEx 3 - CORE pRInCIplES FOR InvES
Page 320:
MOBILISING EUROPEAN RESEARCH FOR DE
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