Post 2015: Global Action for an Inclusive and Sustainable Future

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CHApTER EIgHT In calling for a focus on structural transformation in a post-2015 development agenda, this chapter has placed the accent on marginalised economies. 160 recent communication on trade and development or how sustainable development principles will be integrated into investment policy. thus, although investment may be included within Ftas negotiated by the Eu, the provisions related to social and environmental standards may be lower or less stringent than those under the GSp’s special incentive arrangement for sustainable development and good governance (the so-called GSp+). the provisions of the new Ftas agreed with some countries and regions, such as central america, compare poorly with those that have to date applied to Eu trade (Stevens, 2012: 11). although there is some endorsement of policies such as the Eu’s raw materials initiative (rmI), this policy assumes that there is a ’level playing field’ across commodity markets. moreover, the blanket restriction placed on the use of export restrictions does not take into account cDDcs’ efforts to mitigate their vulnerability (nissanke and Kuleshov, 2012). the substantial funding dedicated to promoting the EItI in order to increase the transparency of government revenues (taxes, profits, royalties) is essentially relying on a private voluntary initiative and standard as a means to exert indirect influence on achieving development objectives. Such reliance to some extent highlights other issues concerning the ability of lIcs to tap into investment flows related to their integration within Gvcs and Gpns. the real problems that growing trade may bring are increasingly outside government control. this is an area where specific instruments such as aft may assist producers and governments to upgrade and meet standards, as we discuss in the next section. 8.5.5 New challenges the Eu’s recent communication on trade and development fails to consider the relationship between trade and climate change, despite this 117 See Keane (2012b). 118 See text box 10.4 on SIDs in chapter 10. EuropEan rEport on DEvElopmEnt 2013 being a trade challenge that lIcs will face beyond 2015. this absence is surprising given the moves to channel resources to lDcs for this purpose. For example, the Eu is currently a major purchaser of certified emissions reductions (cErs) obtained through the clean Development mechanism (cDm). all developing countries supply this market. However, from 2013 only cErs obtained via the cDm will be permitted. 117 this represents a new source of finance for investment in mitigating and adapting to climate change in lDcs. However, there are also considerable obstacles in making such investments, including capacity constraints. 8.6 Trade and investment elements for a post-2015 global development agenda a post-2015 global development agenda should address the shortcomings of the mDG framework, particularly the lack of an economic dimension. Historical experience suggests that developing countries that achieved structural economic transformation also reduced poverty and maintained higher standards of living. the economic dimension, therefore, should entail achieving structural transformation, as called for by the Istanbul programme of action for lDcs. this section discusses how trade and investment policies can help to achieve this and what the global community can do to facilitate such outcomes. the Eu is used to illustrate how these policies might be implemented in practice. In calling for a focus on structural transformation in a post-2015 development agenda, this chapter has placed the accent on marginalised economies. Disregarding certain overlaps, these include lIcs, lDcs, landlocked countries and SIDS, 118 all categories that the un regards as facing particular development challenges. many of these
economies are structurally marginalised from global production processes, vulnerable to external shocks and lack the capacity (institutional, human and physical) to deal effectively with development challenges. as a result, poverty affects a sizeable proportion of their population, and external support will not be effective and sustainable without transforming the economies on which people depend. a new global development agenda should mobilise all countries to focus on helping marginalised and vulnerable economies. this chapter has discussed the trade and investment challenges faced by such economies, including the fact that many of them continue to depend on a handful of commodities. While this increases their vulnerability to external shocks, the volatility it invites also has far-reaching implications beyond trade and investment. at the same time, in a virtuous circle, commodities can also present opportunities and resources for economic development. the real need is, therefore, to increase production capabilities in marginalised economies. In a context of pervasive market and coordination failures, who will champion such policies? the overwhelming evidence points to the role of a developmental state (see chapter 2). While trade and investment policies for achieving structural transformation will have to be tailored to each national situation, the global context will be equally important. this is because of increasing interdependence, which means that the global context must enable marginalised economies to adopt appropriate policies. For instance, this chapter has argued that the stalling of multilateral trade talks, with a corresponding proliferation of regional and bilateral approaches, is likely to marginalise the weaker economies. Despite that caveat, it is also acknowledged that developmental regionalism that involves using regional approaches to integrate into the global economy is important (e.g. regional approaches to addressing traderelated infrastructure, harmonising standards, and improving cross-border movement of goods, services and people). changes in global trade and investment flows and policies will set the backdrop for any post- 2015 development agenda. there is a notable shift in trade and investment flows from north–South to South–South. these shifts are re-orienting the global division of labour, with the emergence of asia as the manufacturing hub (Section 8.3.1). most asian lDcs, but not all (e.g. nepal and myanmar), have actively integrated into these new production networks. once they are in the network, many have strategically picked up production processes as they moved downstream to maintain price competitiveness. this is not happening to the same extent among lDcs in africa, where most continue to trade in commodities. this suggests that for trade and investment policies to contribute to structural economic transformation needs the international community to support marginalised and vulnerable economies: (1) to promote modern-sector exports; (2) reduce vulnerability to external shocks; (3) enhance productive investments; and (4) improve global coordination on investment policies. the following section elaborates on these in turn and discusses what specific roles the Eu could play. 8.6.1 Promoting modern-sector exports as this chapter has shown, poor countries are currently marginalised from more dynamic forms of trade, with rather limited integration into Gvcs and Gpns. the experience of countries that have successfully transformed their economies – within an unprecedentedly short time – shows the central importance of promoting modern-sector exports as part of an overall strategy for growth and structural transformation, alongside a favourable trade policy environment. the adverse potential macroeconomic effects of commodity dependence, as well as oDa flows poSt-2015: Global actIon For an IncluSIvE anD SuStaInablE FuturE Changes in global trade and investment flows and policies will set the backdrop for any post-2015 development agenda. 161
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EUROPEAN REPORT ON DEVELOPMENT 2013
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MOBILISING EUROPEAN RESEARCH FOR DE
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FOREWORD The development road we ha
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ACknOWlEDgEmEnT The European report
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TAblE OF COnTEnTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT V
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CHAPTER 9. PEOPLE: LABOUR MIGRATION
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Figure 5.2 Evolution of depth of po
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EITI Extractive Industries transpar
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PSG peace-building and state-buildi
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mainly countries in Europe, north a
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ExEcutivE Summary poSt-2015: Global
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ExECuTIvE SummARy poSt-2015: Global
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poSt-2015: Global actIon For an Inc
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THE DEPLOYMENT OF A BROAD RANGE OF
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introduction poSt-2015: Global actI
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2. The case for global collective a
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upon in order to promote a developm
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to achieve inclusive and sustainabl
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contribute to a global framework fo
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Part i. KEEPing thE PromiSE of thE
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mortality, and clean water and sani
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Table 1.2 Non-income MDGs, 1990-201
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Several regions significantly reduc
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Figure 1.1 Sectoral allocation of b
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of tailored objectives that are ins
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policy discourse. In particular, th
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processes and implementation arrang
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NEPAL RWANDA COTE D’IVOIRE PERU E
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• Nepal after over 200 years as a
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Box 2.3 Côte d’Ivoire’s MDG ac
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Declaration and the mDGs, and were
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drive or obstruct poverty-reduction
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Driven by political survival and co
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oader political processes in which
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incentive structures within which e
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partners: their capacities as donor
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Box 2.9 Fragility - Country case ex
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towards the achievement of the mDGs
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3.2 The EU’s role in advancing th
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at the 2010 mDG Summit, un member s
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adopted by individual governments,
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discussions on pcD are not based on
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Part ii. thE changing contExt for a
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Figure 4.1 Changing global power 20
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crops (ErD, 2012). at the same time
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egimes, and donor-driven aid condit
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for an Eu position to be agreed ahe
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of people living in extreme income
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the mDGs needs to concentrate on th
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deprivation, whether directly or th
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has been declining since the early
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vulnerability (ErD 2012). this repo
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a set of global development goals i
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need to focus on eradicating existi
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27.5 25 22.5 20 17.5 15 12.5 10 7.5
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105 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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due to the so-called arab Spring in
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moreover, migration policy can shap
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the Eu and 9% for the uSa. these sh
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accumulation patterns (from 35% of
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Table 6.1 Poverty projections expec
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6.3.1 Atmosphere and global warming
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supports ecosystem services that pr
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about 70% (mainly led by china, Ind
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scarcity leads to high and volatile
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ECONOMY DEMOGRAPHY ENVIRONMENT NEUT
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Part iii. drivErS of thE global Par
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Current USD Billions Current USD Bi
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Page 149 and 150: lmIcs and lIcs (oEcD, 2011b). Figur
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Page 155 and 156: India (de Jesus, 2012). there has b
Page 157 and 158: levels of formal education. third,
Page 159 and 160: While the mobilisation of funds fro
Page 161 and 162: Box 7.4 EU blending facilities Sinc
Page 163 and 164: Box 7.5 The toolbox of innovative f
Page 165 and 166: Figure 7.8 Net capital flows to dev
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Page 171 and 172: Box 7.8 Implications for post-2015
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Page 181 and 182: Box 8.1 Joining the flying geese Ka
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Page 187 and 188: 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Sou
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Page 191 and 192: Box 8.2 Political economy of commod
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Page 213 and 214: Macro-economic impact International
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Page 229 and 230: 9.5.2 Mode IV in the WTO the Wto’
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at the multilateral level, the link
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• South-South Cooperation resourc
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information and evaluation initiati
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for consultative processes to take
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e added later. Equally it would be
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- such as their size and geographic
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(com, 2011). the aid-effectiveness
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Box 10.5 Areas for EU support: Reco
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there will need to be a continuing
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unrISD (2010) Combating Poverty and
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moore, m. (2011) ‘The Governance
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Chapter 4 birdsall, n. (2012) ‘Th
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Kharas, H. and rogerson, a. (2012)
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Kharas, H. and rogerson, a. (2012)
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cobham, a. (2012) ‘tax Havens and
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lall, r. (2011) ‘reforming Global
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unDp (2012) ‘What Is South-South
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Fine, b. (2009) ‘neoliberalism in
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Sindzingre, a. (2009) ‘The impact
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chanda, r. (2004) Movement and Pres
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Kouadio, E.K., ouattara, Y. and Sou
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un-InStraW and SaIIa (2007) Gender,
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Winters, a. and martins, p. (2004)
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Goals and Targets (from the Millenn
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Goals and Targets (from the Millenn
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conflict assessment, which also del
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the case study report suggests that
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in rwanda compared to an average of
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large educated class. Immigration w
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administration, with greater autono
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example, in low increases in tax ef
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AnnEx 3 - CORE pRInCIplES FOR InvES
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MOBILISING EUROPEAN RESEARCH FOR DE
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Post 2015: Global Action for an Inclusive and Sustainable Future

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