Post 2015: Global Action for an Inclusive and Sustainable Future

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CHApTER THREE 3 The MDGs became a central reference point for the development policies of the EU and its Member States soon after their adoption. 46 THE EuROpEAn unIOn AnD THE mDgs The size, geographical reach and partnership dimension of the European union’s aid programme makes it a formidable player in global development. the Eu institutions are unique in that they provide direct support to developing countries and play a ‘federating role’ vis-à-vis the 27 member States […]. the Eu Institutions manage a large volume of oDa. based on its uSD 12.7 billion grant programme alone, in 2010 the Eu was the third largest Dac member. (oEcD, 2012, p.13) 21 as a major actor in the Development assistance committee (Dac) of the organisation for Economic co-operation and Development (oEcD), the European union’s support for the mDGs is particularly important for their success. this chapter looks at the Eu’s contribution to the mDGs, both of its institutions and of the Eu as a group of 27 of the world’s richer nations. as is apparent from the European Consensus on Development (Eu, 2005) and the more recent Agenda for Change (Foreign affairs council, 2012), EuropEan rEport on DEvElopmEnt 2013 the mDGs became a central reference point for the development policies of the Eu and its member States soon after their adoption. Since 2000 the Eu has consistently provided around 50–60% of global oDa and has helped to advance the international development agenda as well as encouraging others to contribute resources and political will. the Eu and several member States have played an important role in the paris–accra–busan process on aid and development effectiveness 22 .the Eu increased oDa each year and by 2008 it looked likely to meet the target of providing 0.7% of Gross national Income (GnI) by 2015. Since then however, progress has been more disappointing with the Eu as a whole reaching a peak of only 0.44% of GnI by 2010, well below its own interim target of 0.51% for that year. While a few individual countries still expect to reach the 0.7% target, the Eu overall now seems unlikely to meet its pledge despite continued commitments to do so (European council, october 2012) 23 . the Eu has also played a leading role in the international debate on strengthening the contribution of policies beyond development cooperation 21 this quote refers to the aid programme managed by the European commission on behalf of the Eu member States. most member States also have their own bilateral aid programmes. 22 the 2005 paris Declaration on aid Effectiveness and the follow up discussion in accra (2008) and busan (2011 are discussed in more depth in chapter 7 (7.3.2 (i)). 23 the case study reports for this ErD express a general concern about aid effectiveness and aid levels highlighting lack of harmonization among donors and the failure to meet the 0.7% oDa/GnI target. the rwanda case study is critical about unpredictability of aid flows.
towards the achievement of the mDGs and has itself made some progress in this area. Since 2007, policy coherence for Development, for instance, is reported on biennially, and pcD became a legal obligation in the 2009 lisbon treaty. achieving pcD remains a challenge for the Eu, as does the need to improve coordination between the Eu and member States’ development policies and operations, an area that is also difficult for non-Eu donors (com, 2012a; oEcD, 2012). 3.1 The place of the MDGs in EU development cooperation Efforts to make the mDGs a focal point for development policy across Europe are reflected in several high-profile Eu policy statements and publications. In addition to the 2005 European Consensus, which applies both to the member States and to the Eu institutions, its approach to the mDGs is detailed in the 2007 Code of Conduct on Division of Labour, the 2008 Communication on progress towards the MDGs, the commission’s brochure published before the 2010 mDG Summit, and its 2010 12-point plan for getting the mDGs on track. In placing an emphasis on the mDGs, these documents also stress that member States should adhere to their international development commitments, particularly regarding the monterrey and mDG8 commitments to increase oDa. the European commissioner for Development has observed that progress towards meeting the mDGs remains unsatisfactory and that the Eu overall must do more (piebalgs, 2012). Despite the importance attached to the mDGs, they have not been the sole focus of Eu development cooperation since 2000. For example, the Eu is also committed to other wider aspects of development, including issues that are not covered in the mDGs, as well as to supporting countries whose priorities may not necessarily focus on the mDGs. this is well reflected in the broad objectives outlined in the cotonou partnership agreement (cpa), which stresses its openness to engaging in a wide dialogue with partners (articles 1 and 8). It is also evident from the relatively high proportion of oDa the Eu spends in middle-income countries (mIcs), particularly in its neighbouring states (e.g. Georgia or ukraine). a recent internal study conducted for the European commission (forthcoming) confirms the importance of the mDGs to the Eu in terms of development policy at a global level. However, it also notes that policy is formulated in a holistic fashion to allow for partner country priorities and more variations are visible at the regional. on the financial side, the consensus on international development priorities encapsulated in the millennium Declaration seems to have encouraged European governments to increase oDa. total European oDa grew every year (Figure 3.1) following the millennium Declaration dipping as the global financial crisis of 2008–2009 hit European economies. thus while the Eu had made a major effort to meet the 0.7% target, the crisis has seriously affected the ability and willingness of most European governments to continue increasing oDa, making it very unlikely that the Eu as a whole will reach the target by 2015. It is impossible to identify how much of the oDa increase since 2000 was focused on achieving the mDGs. the commission’s figures show (Figure 3.2) that the total amount of oDa from the European Development Fund (EDF) and the Eu budget spent on mDG-related sectors has risen steadily from 2001 to 2011, with important variations in relative levels between 2004 and 2008. but this finding indicates a trend rather than revealing the amount dedicated to achieving the mDGs. a more substantive indication is given in the internal study (forthcoming) undertaken for the commission, which estimates that between poSt-2015: Global actIon For an IncluSIvE anD SuStaInablE FuturE Total European ODA grew every year following the Millennium Declaration, but the crisis has seriously affected the ability and willingness of most European governments to continue increasing ODA. 47
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EUROPEAN REPORT ON DEVELOPMENT 2013
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MOBILISING EUROPEAN RESEARCH FOR DE
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FOREWORD The development road we ha
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ACknOWlEDgEmEnT The European report
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TAblE OF COnTEnTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT V
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CHAPTER 9. PEOPLE: LABOUR MIGRATION
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Figure 5.2 Evolution of depth of po
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EITI Extractive Industries transpar
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PSG peace-building and state-buildi
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mainly countries in Europe, north a
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ExEcutivE Summary poSt-2015: Global
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ExECuTIvE SummARy poSt-2015: Global
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poSt-2015: Global actIon For an Inc
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Page 33 and 34: poSt-2015: Global actIon For an Inc
Page 35 and 36: poSt-2015: Global actIon For an Inc
Page 37 and 38: THE DEPLOYMENT OF A BROAD RANGE OF
Page 39 and 40: introduction poSt-2015: Global actI
Page 41 and 42: 2. The case for global collective a
Page 43 and 44: upon in order to promote a developm
Page 45 and 46: to achieve inclusive and sustainabl
Page 47 and 48: contribute to a global framework fo
Page 49 and 50: Part i. KEEPing thE PromiSE of thE
Page 51 and 52: mortality, and clean water and sani
Page 53 and 54: Table 1.2 Non-income MDGs, 1990-201
Page 55 and 56: Several regions significantly reduc
Page 57 and 58: Figure 1.1 Sectoral allocation of b
Page 59 and 60: of tailored objectives that are ins
Page 61 and 62: policy discourse. In particular, th
Page 63 and 64: processes and implementation arrang
Page 65 and 66: NEPAL RWANDA COTE D’IVOIRE PERU E
Page 67 and 68: • Nepal after over 200 years as a
Page 69 and 70: Box 2.3 Côte d’Ivoire’s MDG ac
Page 71 and 72: Declaration and the mDGs, and were
Page 73 and 74: drive or obstruct poverty-reduction
Page 75 and 76: Driven by political survival and co
Page 77 and 78: oader political processes in which
Page 79 and 80: incentive structures within which e
Page 81 and 82: partners: their capacities as donor
Page 83: Box 2.9 Fragility - Country case ex
Page 87 and 88: 3.2 The EU’s role in advancing th
Page 89 and 90: at the 2010 mDG Summit, un member s
Page 91 and 92: adopted by individual governments,
Page 93 and 94: discussions on pcD are not based on
Page 95 and 96: Part ii. thE changing contExt for a
Page 97 and 98: Figure 4.1 Changing global power 20
Page 99 and 100: crops (ErD, 2012). at the same time
Page 101 and 102: egimes, and donor-driven aid condit
Page 103 and 104: for an Eu position to be agreed ahe
Page 105 and 106: of people living in extreme income
Page 107 and 108: the mDGs needs to concentrate on th
Page 109 and 110: deprivation, whether directly or th
Page 111 and 112: has been declining since the early
Page 113 and 114: vulnerability (ErD 2012). this repo
Page 115 and 116: a set of global development goals i
Page 117 and 118: need to focus on eradicating existi
Page 119 and 120: 27.5 25 22.5 20 17.5 15 12.5 10 7.5
Page 121 and 122: 105 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 123 and 124: due to the so-called arab Spring in
Page 125 and 126: moreover, migration policy can shap
Page 127 and 128: the Eu and 9% for the uSa. these sh
Page 129 and 130: accumulation patterns (from 35% of
Page 131 and 132: Table 6.1 Poverty projections expec
Page 133 and 134: 6.3.1 Atmosphere and global warming
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supports ecosystem services that pr
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about 70% (mainly led by china, Ind
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scarcity leads to high and volatile
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ECONOMY DEMOGRAPHY ENVIRONMENT NEUT
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Part iii. drivErS of thE global Par
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Current USD Billions Current USD Bi
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global financial crisis has reduced
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lmIcs and lIcs (oEcD, 2011b). Figur
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Box 7.1 Efforts to increase tax rev
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While SSc is not new, it has receiv
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India (de Jesus, 2012). there has b
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levels of formal education. third,
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While the mobilisation of funds fro
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Box 7.4 EU blending facilities Sinc
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Box 7.5 The toolbox of innovative f
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Figure 7.8 Net capital flows to dev
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which are many in developed countri
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and financial inclusion (Deuchert a
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Box 7.8 Implications for post-2015
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a means to reach development goals
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PREDICTABILITY ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENC
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this chapter first looks at some of
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social development, largely fuelled
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Box 8.1 Joining the flying geese Ka
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these structural shifts in the driv
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traditional donors and investors, c
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1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Sou
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Figure 8.2 Share of primary commodi
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Box 8.2 Political economy of commod
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achieve results. With regard to tra
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in turn is highly dependent on Eu p
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productive capacity through value-a
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economies are structurally marginal
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impede exports to Eu, which are inc
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fair access to and equitable distri
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lDcs to foster trade growth and ach
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the role for trade and investment p
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labour migration produces remittanc
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the 2008 global financial crisis le
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Macro-economic impact International
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Social impact and psychological wel
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labour during that period. this pro
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Millions 10.4 4 N 3 2 1 0 Mexico-US
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migration programmes (tmps) are usu
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date, four mobility partnerships ha
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labour organization (Ilo) refers to
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workers, point to areas of concern
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9.5.2 Mode IV in the WTO the Wto’
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9.6.2 What a post-2015 framework sh
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concluSionS and rEcommEndationS Thi
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‘how’). this chapter also consi
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and so do not figure much in the go
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tackling global challenges. While s
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10.3.1 Poverty eradication as part
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Box 10.1 Economic and social inclus
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Box 10.2 Youth Employment About 85%
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International development partners
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at the multilateral level, the link
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• South-South Cooperation resourc
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information and evaluation initiati
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for consultative processes to take
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e added later. Equally it would be
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- such as their size and geographic
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(com, 2011). the aid-effectiveness
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Box 10.5 Areas for EU support: Reco
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there will need to be a continuing
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unrISD (2010) Combating Poverty and
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moore, m. (2011) ‘The Governance
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Chapter 4 birdsall, n. (2012) ‘Th
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Kharas, H. and rogerson, a. (2012)
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Kharas, H. and rogerson, a. (2012)
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cobham, a. (2012) ‘tax Havens and
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lall, r. (2011) ‘reforming Global
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unDp (2012) ‘What Is South-South
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Fine, b. (2009) ‘neoliberalism in
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Sindzingre, a. (2009) ‘The impact
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chanda, r. (2004) Movement and Pres
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Kouadio, E.K., ouattara, Y. and Sou
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un-InStraW and SaIIa (2007) Gender,
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Winters, a. and martins, p. (2004)
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Goals and Targets (from the Millenn
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Goals and Targets (from the Millenn
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conflict assessment, which also del
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the case study report suggests that
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in rwanda compared to an average of
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large educated class. Immigration w
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administration, with greater autono
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example, in low increases in tax ef
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AnnEx 3 - CORE pRInCIplES FOR InvES
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MOBILISING EUROPEAN RESEARCH FOR DE
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Post 2015: Global Action for an Inclusive and Sustainable Future

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