Post 2015: Global Action for an Inclusive and Sustainable Future

More documents

Recommendations

Info

CHApTER nInE Developing countries seldom include migration in their national development and povertyreduction strategies, and when they do so the focus is mainly on remittances. 180 there will be a need for labour at all skill levels, which will call for policies to match migrants’ skills with future demand (bEpa, 2010). Europe is not alone as countries such as china and russia are also expected to experience major labour deficits, in which case international labour mobility will be an increasing factor for sustained economic activity (bruni, 2011; Iontsev and Ivakhnyuk, 2012). at the same time, as shown in the demographic trends presented in chapter 6, a youth ‘bulge’ will soon be entering the labour market in many developing countries. In light of the discussion on social cohesion, achieving positive ISD outcomes for migrant workers, as well as for receiving and sending countries, will call for attitudinal change and an open and informed discussion on the gains and potential trade-offs in opening labour markets to certain skill groups and on policies to counter any negative effects in receiving countries. Essentially, this will depend on matching labour demand and supply. 9.3 Positions and policies on migrants’ rights and promoting migrant access to labour markets this section analyses the reactions of sending and receiving countries to the effects of labour mobility discussed above. 9.3.1 Sending countries Governments in South and Southeast asia in particular have taken steps to support potential labour migrants and the philippines and Sri lanka have proactive mobility policies for lowskilled workers (Iom, 2005). In contrast, african migration to the north, primarily Europe, is still widely perceived as a problem (bakunda and mpanga, 2011). most african countries have a policy of non-intervention on emigration, although some have tried to curb it and to foster the return of labour migrants (Spaan and van moppes, 2006). more recently, several african governments have EuropEan rEport on DEvElopmEnt 2013 created ministries for nationals abroad or diaspora units based in their foreign affairs ministries. a study by de Haas and vezzolli (2011) found a general interest among developing countries in the departure of low-skilled migrants who are likely to send remittances. the study also notes that ‘often, emigration is simultaneously seen as an opportunity to export surplus labour and get rid of intellectuals […], decrease poverty and unemployment, generate remittances, stem domestic political unrest and maintain the political status quo […]’ (de Haas and vezzolli, 2011:16). Figure 9.2 provides an overview of the top 20 migration routes in 2010. Some sending countries take steps to protect their migrant workers. Several asian countries offer pre-departure seminars, welfare funds and reintegration assistance, although labour-sending agencies are not always adequately regulated. box 9.2 describes nepal’s efforts to incorporate migrants’ rights in foreign employment laws. In some instances, migration is banned to certain countries – for example, nepal banned migrant workers from going to afghanistan and Iraq because these countries were deemed unsafe – but these bans tended to push migrants into irregular channels and increased vulnerability (ruhs, 2013). Developing countries seldom include migration in their national development and povertyreduction strategies, and when they do so the focus is mainly on remittances (Wickramasekara, 2011a). the references to migration in african poverty reduction Strategy papers (prSps) largely refer to the negative aspects of the migration and development nexus (black and Sward, 2009). pandey et al. (2012) stress that, despite the prominence of labour migration in nepal, very few development agencies have made migration a priority. the inadequate international governance of labour mobility is to the disadvantage of migrants and sending countries, or as betts (2011:22) puts it:
Millions 10.4 4 N 3 2 1 0 Mexico-US Figure 9.2 Top 20 Migration routes (excluding the former Soviet Union), 2010 Bangladesh-India Turkey-Germany India-UAE Philippines-US South-South South-North North-North Source: Ratha and Shaw, 2007 Afghanistan-Iran Germany-US Box 9.2 Nepal: Provisions of international rights in foreign employment laws Algeria-France India-Saudi Arabia Egypt-Saudi Arabia Nepal has incorporated the provisions of international rights and conventions on labour standards in its foreign employment laws, e.g. provisions of the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the ILO Convention on Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, the Minimum Wage Fixing Convention and the Convention on Pakistan-India Minimum Age. Clearly, no country can exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction to protect its migrant workers or prosecute foreign individuals or organisations abusing them. In addition, not all migrant-receiving countries are signatories to the relevant conventions (Pandey et al., 2012). Many other sending countries share these problems. poSt-2015: Global actIon For an IncluSIvE anD SuStaInablE FuturE India-US China-US Vietnam-US Canada-US UK-Australia India-Bangladesh Malaysia-Singapore Burkina Faso-Côte d’Ivoire Cuba-US After Europe and the USA, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states receive the highest volume of migrant labour. Some sending countries take steps to protect their migrant workers. 181
Page 1 and 2:
EUROPEAN REPORT ON DEVELOPMENT 2013
Page 3 and 4:
MOBILISING EUROPEAN RESEARCH FOR DE
Page 5 and 6:
FOREWORD The development road we ha
Page 7 and 8:
ACknOWlEDgEmEnT The European report
Page 9 and 10:
TAblE OF COnTEnTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT V
Page 11 and 12:
CHAPTER 9. PEOPLE: LABOUR MIGRATION
Page 13 and 14:
Figure 5.2 Evolution of depth of po
Page 15 and 16:
EITI Extractive Industries transpar
Page 17 and 18:
PSG peace-building and state-buildi
Page 19 and 20:
mainly countries in Europe, north a
Page 21 and 22:
ExEcutivE Summary poSt-2015: Global
Page 23 and 24:
ExECuTIvE SummARy poSt-2015: Global
Page 25 and 26:
poSt-2015: Global actIon For an Inc
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
THE DEPLOYMENT OF A BROAD RANGE OF
Page 39 and 40:
introduction poSt-2015: Global actI
Page 41 and 42:
2. The case for global collective a
Page 43 and 44:
upon in order to promote a developm
Page 45 and 46:
to achieve inclusive and sustainabl
Page 47 and 48:
contribute to a global framework fo
Page 49 and 50:
Part i. KEEPing thE PromiSE of thE
Page 51 and 52:
mortality, and clean water and sani
Page 53 and 54:
Table 1.2 Non-income MDGs, 1990-201
Page 55 and 56:
Several regions significantly reduc
Page 57 and 58:
Figure 1.1 Sectoral allocation of b
Page 59 and 60:
of tailored objectives that are ins
Page 61 and 62:
policy discourse. In particular, th
Page 63 and 64:
processes and implementation arrang
Page 65 and 66:
NEPAL RWANDA COTE D’IVOIRE PERU E
Page 67 and 68:
• Nepal after over 200 years as a
Page 69 and 70:
Box 2.3 Côte d’Ivoire’s MDG ac
Page 71 and 72:
Declaration and the mDGs, and were
Page 73 and 74:
drive or obstruct poverty-reduction
Page 75 and 76:
Driven by political survival and co
Page 77 and 78:
oader political processes in which
Page 79 and 80:
incentive structures within which e
Page 81 and 82:
partners: their capacities as donor
Page 83 and 84:
Box 2.9 Fragility - Country case ex
Page 85 and 86:
towards the achievement of the mDGs
Page 87 and 88:
3.2 The EU’s role in advancing th
Page 89 and 90:
at the 2010 mDG Summit, un member s
Page 91 and 92:
adopted by individual governments,
Page 93 and 94:
discussions on pcD are not based on
Page 95 and 96:
Part ii. thE changing contExt for a
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 4.1 Changing global power 20
Page 99 and 100:
crops (ErD, 2012). at the same time
Page 101 and 102:
egimes, and donor-driven aid condit
Page 103 and 104:
for an Eu position to be agreed ahe
Page 105 and 106:
of people living in extreme income
Page 107 and 108:
the mDGs needs to concentrate on th
Page 109 and 110:
deprivation, whether directly or th
Page 111 and 112:
has been declining since the early
Page 113 and 114:
vulnerability (ErD 2012). this repo
Page 115 and 116:
a set of global development goals i
Page 117 and 118:
need to focus on eradicating existi
Page 119 and 120:
27.5 25 22.5 20 17.5 15 12.5 10 7.5
Page 121 and 122:
105 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 123 and 124:
due to the so-called arab Spring in
Page 125 and 126:
moreover, migration policy can shap
Page 127 and 128:
the Eu and 9% for the uSa. these sh
Page 129 and 130:
accumulation patterns (from 35% of
Page 131 and 132:
Table 6.1 Poverty projections expec
Page 133 and 134:
6.3.1 Atmosphere and global warming
Page 135 and 136:
supports ecosystem services that pr
Page 137 and 138:
about 70% (mainly led by china, Ind
Page 139 and 140:
scarcity leads to high and volatile
Page 141 and 142:
ECONOMY DEMOGRAPHY ENVIRONMENT NEUT
Page 143 and 144:
Part iii. drivErS of thE global Par
Page 145 and 146:
Current USD Billions Current USD Bi
Page 147 and 148:
global financial crisis has reduced
Page 149 and 150:
lmIcs and lIcs (oEcD, 2011b). Figur
Page 151 and 152:
Box 7.1 Efforts to increase tax rev
Page 153 and 154:
While SSc is not new, it has receiv
Page 155 and 156:
India (de Jesus, 2012). there has b
Page 157 and 158:
levels of formal education. third,
Page 159 and 160:
While the mobilisation of funds fro
Page 161 and 162:
Box 7.4 EU blending facilities Sinc
Page 163 and 164:
Box 7.5 The toolbox of innovative f
Page 165 and 166:
Figure 7.8 Net capital flows to dev
Page 167 and 168: which are many in developed countri
Page 169 and 170: and financial inclusion (Deuchert a
Page 171 and 172: Box 7.8 Implications for post-2015
Page 173 and 174: a means to reach development goals
Page 175 and 176: PREDICTABILITY ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENC
Page 177 and 178: this chapter first looks at some of
Page 179 and 180: social development, largely fuelled
Page 181 and 182: Box 8.1 Joining the flying geese Ka
Page 183 and 184: these structural shifts in the driv
Page 185 and 186: traditional donors and investors, c
Page 187 and 188: 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Sou
Page 189 and 190: Figure 8.2 Share of primary commodi
Page 191 and 192: Box 8.2 Political economy of commod
Page 193 and 194: achieve results. With regard to tra
Page 195 and 196: in turn is highly dependent on Eu p
Page 197 and 198: productive capacity through value-a
Page 199 and 200: economies are structurally marginal
Page 201 and 202: impede exports to Eu, which are inc
Page 203 and 204: fair access to and equitable distri
Page 205 and 206: lDcs to foster trade growth and ach
Page 207 and 208: the role for trade and investment p
Page 209 and 210: labour migration produces remittanc
Page 211 and 212: the 2008 global financial crisis le
Page 213 and 214: Macro-economic impact International
Page 215 and 216: Social impact and psychological wel
Page 217: labour during that period. this pro
Page 221 and 222: migration programmes (tmps) are usu
Page 223 and 224: date, four mobility partnerships ha
Page 225 and 226: labour organization (Ilo) refers to
Page 227 and 228: workers, point to areas of concern
Page 229 and 230: 9.5.2 Mode IV in the WTO the Wto’
Page 231 and 232: 9.6.2 What a post-2015 framework sh
Page 233 and 234: concluSionS and rEcommEndationS Thi
Page 235 and 236: ‘how’). this chapter also consi
Page 237 and 238: and so do not figure much in the go
Page 239 and 240: tackling global challenges. While s
Page 241 and 242: 10.3.1 Poverty eradication as part
Page 243 and 244: Box 10.1 Economic and social inclus
Page 245 and 246: Box 10.2 Youth Employment About 85%
Page 247 and 248: International development partners
Page 249 and 250: at the multilateral level, the link
Page 251 and 252: • South-South Cooperation resourc
Page 253 and 254: information and evaluation initiati
Page 255 and 256: for consultative processes to take
Page 257 and 258: e added later. Equally it would be
Page 259 and 260: - such as their size and geographic
Page 261 and 262: (com, 2011). the aid-effectiveness
Page 263 and 264: Box 10.5 Areas for EU support: Reco
Page 265 and 266: there will need to be a continuing
Page 267 and 268: poSt-2015: Global actIon For an Inc
Page 269 and 270:
unrISD (2010) Combating Poverty and
Page 271 and 272:
moore, m. (2011) ‘The Governance
Page 273 and 274:
Chapter 4 birdsall, n. (2012) ‘Th
Page 275 and 276:
Kharas, H. and rogerson, a. (2012)
Page 277 and 278:
Kharas, H. and rogerson, a. (2012)
Page 279 and 280:
cobham, a. (2012) ‘tax Havens and
Page 281 and 282:
lall, r. (2011) ‘reforming Global
Page 283 and 284:
unDp (2012) ‘What Is South-South
Page 285 and 286:
Fine, b. (2009) ‘neoliberalism in
Page 287 and 288:
Sindzingre, a. (2009) ‘The impact
Page 289 and 290:
chanda, r. (2004) Movement and Pres
Page 291 and 292:
Kouadio, E.K., ouattara, Y. and Sou
Page 293 and 294:
un-InStraW and SaIIa (2007) Gender,
Page 295 and 296:
Winters, a. and martins, p. (2004)
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Goals and Targets (from the Millenn
Page 301 and 302:
Goals and Targets (from the Millenn
Page 303 and 304:
conflict assessment, which also del
Page 305 and 306:
the case study report suggests that
Page 307 and 308:
in rwanda compared to an average of
Page 309 and 310:
large educated class. Immigration w
Page 311 and 312:
administration, with greater autono
Page 313 and 314:
example, in low increases in tax ef
Page 315 and 316:
AnnEx 3 - CORE pRInCIplES FOR InvES
Page 320:
MOBILISING EUROPEAN RESEARCH FOR DE
show all

Post 2015: Global Action for an Inclusive and Sustainable Future

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?