Post 2015: Global Action for an Inclusive and Sustainable Future

AnnEx 2 – COunTRy CASE STuDIES
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Sections 1–4 of this annex summarise information
from the commissioned country case studies 157
and complementary desk-based research 158 –
nepal, rwanda, côte d’Ivoire and peru – on the
political, economic and environmental context
for inclusive and sustainable development (ISD),
the development trajectories and the role and
importance of external links, including the Eu.
the role that the mDGs have played in each of the
four different countries and the way national policy
processes have interacted with the international
mDG framework, is discussed in detail in the main
report in chapter 2.
Each summary begins with an overview of the
development trajectories and political economy
characteristics, including the nature of the political
settlement and the incentives or constraints facing
key actors. this political economy approach
provides an additional lens through which to
assess the effects of the three main themes of the
report and other international drivers affecting
the achievement of the mDG targets, as well as the
main opportunities and challenges in terms of ISD.
Each section summarises some of the principal
findings and the main implications for future Eu
contributions to ISD and the post-2015 agenda.
1. Nepal
1.1 Development trajectories, political
settlements and fragility
nepal is a country of complex ethnic, cultural and
political diversity and ecological variation. the
country continues to struggle with development
and modernisation as well as crafting its own
national identity and state-building process.
157 the full reports are available on the ErD website. the case studies were conducted by:
• SAWTEE and CESLAM in Nepal, led by Pandey, P.R., Adhikari, R., and Sijapati, B. (2012)
• IPAR in Rwanda, led by Abbott, P., Malunda, D. and Ngamije Festo (2012)
• CIRES in Côte d’Ivoire, led by Kouadio, E.K., Ouattara, Y. and Souleymane, S.D. (2013)
• RIMISP and IEP in Peru, led by Barrantes, R. and Berdegué, J.A. (2012)
158 most material used here is from the case Study reports, additional sources are referenced individually.
EuropEan rEport on DEvElopmEnt 2013
nepal has undergone a number of political
settlements since 1990, the year in which the
monarchy was forced to promulgate a new
constitution and to organise multi-party elections.
the new multi-party democracy remained highly
exclusive, however, with persistent inequality and
poverty prompting a maoist insurgency or people’s
War in 1996.
“The period since 1990 has seen the economic and
development agenda completely overshadowed by
political events. The periodic development plans were
hardly implemented and most government revenue
was spent on recurrent expenditure. The government
was unable to proceed with development activities
because of the insurgency, misappropriation of
funds, and, after mid-2002, the absence of local
governments. Most donor-funded development
activities were concentrated in the social sectors
and managed by the donors themselves, citing low
absorption capacity, institutionalised corruption,
and weak governance.” (nepal case study)
as a lIc, nepal has undergone a number of
structural changes. Despite the fact that 80% of
nepal’s population is rural, 75% of whom depend
on agriculture, nepal has seen a rapid decline in
the contribution of agriculture to its GDp. nepal’s
GDp growth rate has been volatile and mostly
below 5%. over the past two decades, donors
continued to channel support through government
systems, largely geared to providing social services
in urban areas, and ‘perpetuating the status quo’
(Elgin-cossart et al., 2012). by 2001, the monarch
declared a state of emergency and the maoists
ended a four-month truce. this prompted donors
to reflect on the stalemate and the root causes of
the conflict, including inequality and exclusion.
In 2002 DFID, undertook an in-depth Strategic