Studies on the use of nano zinc oxide and modified silica in NR, CR ...

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Use of nano zinc oxide in chloroprene rubber density values of the composite with 5phr conventional ZnO. The crosslink densities of C-6 and C-7 vulcanizates are superior to that of C-5 vulcanizate. Swelling resistance in solvents and oil Swelling resistance of gum and filled composites in different solvents and in engine oil are shown in Table 5. 10. Solvent Table 5.10 Swelling index value of composites Swelling index (%) C-1 C-2 C-3 C-5 C-6 C-7 Cyclohexane 86 85 83 43 43 41 Petrol 53 52 52 26 27 25 Diesel 39 39 39 24 25 23 Engine Oil 41 41 38 26 28 24 Several researchers have extensively studied the transport behavior of various organic liquids in polymer composites. 11,12 The phenomenon of transport of liquids through rubbers is controlled by the polymer structure, its crosslink density, presence of fillers, penetrant, size etc. It is clear from the table that the swelling index values of C-2 and C-3 gum vulcanizates are comparable to C-1 gum vulcanizate and the swelling index values of C-6 and C-7 filled vulcanizates are comparable with C-5 filled vulcanizate. This indicates C-2, C-3 and C-6, C-7 vulcanizates with lower dosage of ZnO show equivalent swelling property to that of C-1 and C-5 vulcanizates with higher dosage of ZnO respectively. 5.3.5 Thermal ageing Ageing resistance of the composites with 2phr ZnO(p), ZnO(s) and 5phr ZnO(c) were measured by measuring the tensile properties after ageing to 72 hrs at 100°C and is given in the Table 5.11. 100
Chapter 5 101 Hours Table 5.11 Ageing resistance of filled composites Tensile strength MPa C-5 C- 6 C-7 24 15.83 16.20 17.41 48 15.91 18.82 18.92 72 16.50 17.29 18.86 During thermal ageing, crosslink formation or crosslink breakage can take place or an existing crosslink may break and a stable linkage can be formed. After ageing tensile strength showed a gradual increase. This indicates better resistance to thermal degradation. The ageing resistances of C-6 and C-7 vulcanizates are superior to C-5 vulcanizate. 5.4 Conclusions 1. Gum and filled composites with 2phr conventional ZnO (C-4 and C-8) showed significant reduction in torque values, tensile properties and other technological properties compared to vulcanizates with 5phr conventional ZnO(C-1 and C-5), 2phr ZnO(p) (C-2 and C-6) and ZnO(s) (C-3 and C-7). 2. Filled vulcanizates with 1phr ZnO(p) and ZnO(s) (C-9 and C-10) showed poor cure characteristics and tensile properties compared to vulcanizates with 2phr ZnO(p) and 2phr ZnO(s) (C-6 and C-7). 3. Vulcanizates with lower dosage (2phr) of ZnO(p) and ZnO(s) were found to have equivalent cure rate and tensile properties compared to vulcanizates with higher dosage (5phr) of conventional ZnO. 4. Tear strength values are superior for vulcanizates with 2phr ZnO(p) and ZnO(s) compared to that of vulcanizates with 5phr conventional ZnO.
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Studies on the use
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WxvÄtÜtà|ÉÇ I hereby declare t
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My heartfelt thanks are also due to
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The use of prepared zinc oxides as
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2.2.10 Characterization techniques
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Part@ B 7.3.1 Characterization - su
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Introduction 1.1 Composites 1.1 Com
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Introduction of reinforcement and m
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Nanophase material: They are same a
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Introduction developed at Oxford Un
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Introduction Rubbers are broadly cl
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Introduction The polymers are prepa
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1.4.1 Zinc oxide Introduction Zinc
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Introduction and tinted rubber comp
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Pharmaceutical industry Introductio
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Introduction textiles contain ZnO,
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1.4.2a. Carbon blacks Introduction
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Introduction especially glass and c
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Introduction properties, filler cha
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Introduction coupling agent in sili
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Introduction amphiphilic di and tri
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Introduction It has been reported t
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Introduction The external manifesta
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Introduction concern for a clean en
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12. C.R.Martin, Chem. Mater, 1996,
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41. E.J.Stewart, J.Elastomers plast
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Introduction 69. J.B. Donnet (Ed),
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Introduction 100. C.T.Kresge, M.E.L
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Introduction 129. E.R.Ericsson, R.A
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Chapter 2 47 In a particular experi
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Page 67 and 68: Chapter 2 were carried out at a cro
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 2 2.2.4 Strain-sweep studie
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Page 73 and 74: Chapter 2 Surface area 59 Surface a
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Page 79 and 80: Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometr
Page 85 and 86: 3.4.9 Differential scanning calorim
Page 87 and 88: 3.6 References Preparation and char
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Page 101 and 102: Tear Strength (N/mm) 120 100 80 60
Page 103 and 104: 4.5 References Use of nano zinc oxi
Page 105 and 106: Chapter 5 oil resistance to oil swe
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 5 93 Ingredient phr Table 5
Page 109 and 110: Chapter 5 95 Torque (dNm) 6.5 6.0 5
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Page 113: Chapter 5 99 Table 5.8 Reinforcing
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 5 5.5 References 103 1. D.C
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 6 105 Fatty acids as co-act
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 6 107 Physical properties s
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 6 The cure rate index of gu
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Page 127 and 128: Chapter 6 113 Table 6.6 Reinforcing
Page 129 and 130: Chapter 6 115 Tensile modulus (Mpa)
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 6 6.4 Conclusions 117 1. Gu
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Page 143 and 144: Crosslink density Use of antioxidan
Page 151 and 152: Part@ B Use of antioxidant modified
Page 157 and 158: Thermal ageing studies Use of antio
Page 161 and 162: 7.9 References Use of antioxidant m
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Products from rice husk as filler i
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Rubber compounding Products from ri
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Soxhlet extraction Products from ri
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8.3.4 Bound rubber content Products
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. Hardness (Shore A ) 70 60 50 40 3
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8.8 References 1. V.M.H. Govindaro
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Summary and Conclusions Polymers ar
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Summary and Conclusion compounds an
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ASTM : American Society for Testing
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A. International/National journals
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P.M.SABURA BEGUM Senior Scale Lectu
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