Studies on the use of nano zinc oxide and modified silica in NR, CR ...

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Chapter 8 acid and heated until boiled for 30 minutes. Then the mixture was maintained at 105°C for 3 hours. During this step, the color of the husk gradually changed from yellow to dark brown. After the reaction, the acid was completely removed from the husk by washing with tap water. It was then dried overnight in an oven at 110°C. The treated husk was burnt in an electric furnace by controlling the temperature so that it reached 600°C in one hour. After burning at 600°C for 6 hours, silica was obtained in the form of white ash. The shape of the silica is similar to the shape of the husk, but smaller in size. It was then grind to fine powder to get silica in smaller particle size. 162 (a) (b) (c) Figure 8.6 (a) rice husk (b) rice husk after treatment with acid (c) RHsilica Preparation of antioxidant modified RHsilica 1phr of antioxidant (IPPD) was mixed with 50phr of RHsilica in torque rheometer (brabender plasticorder) at 50 rpm, 80°C for 5 minutes. Rubber compounding The natural rubber was compounded with antioxidant modified RHsilica and neat RHsilica on a laboratory two roll mixing mill (16 x 33 cm) as per the formulation given in Table 8.6.
Products from rice husk as filler in natural rubber Table 8.6 Compounding formulation of mixes Ingredients (phr) Mix C Mix D Natural Rubber 100 100 ZnO 5.0 5.0 Stearic acid 2.0 2.0 RHsilica - 50 Modified RHsilica 51 - IPPD - 1.0 Naphthenic oil 8.0 8.0 DEG 1.0 1.0 CBS 0.6 0.6 TMTD 0.1 0.1 Sulphur 2.5 2.5 After complete mixing of the ingredients, the stock was passed six times through tight nip gap and finally sheeted out at a fixed nip gap. The samples were kept overnight for maturation. Testing The cure characteristics of all mixes were determined using rubber process analyzer as per ASTM standard, D 2084-01, subsequently, the rubber compound were vulcanized up to the optimum cure time at 150°C in an electrically heated hydraulic press. The moldings were cooled quickly in water at the end of the curing cycle and stored in a cool dark place for 24 hrs prior to physical testing. 8.6. Results and Discussion 8.6.1 Characterization of RHsilica Bulk density Bulk density is defined as the weight per unit volume of a material. It is primarily used for powders or pellets. The test can provide a gross measure of particle size and dispersion, which can affect material flow consistency and 163
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Studies on the use
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WxvÄtÜtà|ÉÇ I hereby declare t
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My heartfelt thanks are also due to
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The use of prepared zinc oxides as
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2.2.10 Characterization techniques
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Part@ B 7.3.1 Characterization - su
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Introduction 1.1 Composites 1.1 Com
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Introduction of reinforcement and m
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Nanophase material: They are same a
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Introduction developed at Oxford Un
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Introduction Rubbers are broadly cl
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Introduction The polymers are prepa
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1.4.1 Zinc oxide Introduction Zinc
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Introduction and tinted rubber comp
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Pharmaceutical industry Introductio
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Introduction textiles contain ZnO,
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1.4.2a. Carbon blacks Introduction
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Introduction especially glass and c
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Introduction properties, filler cha
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Introduction coupling agent in sili
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Introduction amphiphilic di and tri
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Introduction It has been reported t
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Introduction The external manifesta
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Introduction concern for a clean en
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12. C.R.Martin, Chem. Mater, 1996,
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41. E.J.Stewart, J.Elastomers plast
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Introduction 69. J.B. Donnet (Ed),
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Introduction 100. C.T.Kresge, M.E.L
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Introduction 129. E.R.Ericsson, R.A
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Chapter 2 47 In a particular experi
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Chapter 2 Stearic acid (co-activato
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Chapter 2 roll with mill opening at
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Chapter 2 were carried out at a cro
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Chapter 2 2.2.4 Strain-sweep studie
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Chapter 2 2.2.6 Bound rubber conten
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Chapter 2 Surface area 59 Surface a
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Preparation and characterization of
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3.2.2 Method I- Precipitation metho
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Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometr
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3.4.9 Differential scanning calorim
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3.6 References Preparation and char
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Use of nano zinc oxide in natural r
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Tear Strength (N/mm) 120 100 80 60
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4.5 References Use of nano zinc oxi
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Chapter 5 oil resistance to oil swe
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Chapter 5 93 Ingredient phr Table 5
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Chapter 5 95 Torque (dNm) 6.5 6.0 5
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Chapter 5 97 Other technological pr
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Chapter 5 99 Table 5.8 Reinforcing
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Chapter 5 101 Hours Table 5.11 Agei
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Chapter 5 5.5 References 103 1. D.C
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Chapter 6 105 Fatty acids as co-act
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Chapter 6 107 Physical properties s
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Chapter 6 The cure rate index of gu
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Page 127 and 128: Chapter 6 113 Table 6.6 Reinforcing
Page 129 and 130: Chapter 6 115 Tensile modulus (Mpa)
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 6 6.4 Conclusions 117 1. Gu
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Page 139 and 140: Mix Use of antioxidant modified pre
Page 143 and 144: Crosslink density Use of antioxidan
Page 151 and 152: Part@ B Use of antioxidant modified
Page 157 and 158: Thermal ageing studies Use of antio
Page 161 and 162: 7.9 References Use of antioxidant m
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Page 167 and 168: Rubber compounding Products from ri
Page 169 and 170: Soxhlet extraction Products from ri
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