Studies on the use of nano zinc oxide and modified silica in NR, CR ...

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Chapter 1 induces substantial changes in their physicochemical and mechanical properties, which are caused by the mobility of the macromolecules in the boundary layers, the orienting behaviour of the filler surface and by different types of filler-polymer interactions. 1.1.1 Definition and importance of composites 2 Composites are combination of two materials, in which one of the materials, called the reinforcing phase, is in the form of fibres, sheets or particles and is embedded in the other materials called the matrix phase. The reinforcing material and the matrix material can be metal, ceramic or polymer. Typically, reinforcing materials are strong with low densities, while the matrix is usually a ductile or tough material. If the composite is designed and fabricated correctly, it combines the strength of the reinforcement with the toughness of the matrix to achieve combination of desirable properties not available in any single conventional material. 1 Designers of structures have been quick to capitalize on the high strength-to-weight or modulus-to-weight ratios of composites. But there are other advantages as well as some disadvantages. The advantages include: weight reduction (high strength- or stiffness- to weight ratio), tailoring properties (strength of stiffness can be tailored to be in the load direction), redundant load paths (fiber to fiber), longer life (no corrosion), and lower manufacturing costs, inherent damping and increased (or decreased) thermal or electric conductivity. The disadvantages include: high cost of raw materials and fabrication, possible weakness of transverse properties, weak matrix and low toughness, environmental degradation of matrix, difficulty in attaching and problems associated with analysis. Proper design and material selection can avoid many of the disadvantages. Over recent decades, many new composites have been developed, some with very valuable properties. By choosing an appropriate combination
Introduction of reinforcement and matrix material, manufacturers can produce properties that exactly fit the requirements for a particular structure for a particular purpose. Individual polymer can not provide all the superior properties like strength, low thermal coefficients, resistance to shock loads, resistance to thermal or chemical degradation etc. Fillers have important roles in modifying properties of various polymers. Mineral fillers, metals and fibers have been added to rubbers, thermoplastics, thermosets etc to form composites. The effect of fillers on properties of the composites depends on their concentration, their particle size and shape as well on their interaction with matrix. 1.1.2 Classification of composites Composites can be classified in different ways I Depending on the matrix system a. Polymer matrix composites (PMC) b. Ceramic matrix composites (CMC) c. Metal matrix composites (MMC) d. Rubber matrix composites (RMC). II Depending on the occurence of composites a. Natural composites – ( e.g., jute, silk, wood, bamboo) b. Man made composites – ( e.g., glass reinforced fibre) III Depending on the size of constituents a. Macrocomposites- consisting of macrosized particle like galvanized steel, helicopter blades etc. b. Microcomposites - comprising of metallic alloys, reinforced plastics etc. c. Nanocomposite – polymers having particles in the nano-size range. 3
Page 2: Studies on the use
Page 5 and 6: WxvÄtÜtà|ÉÇ I hereby declare t
Page 7 and 8: My heartfelt thanks are also due to
Page 9 and 10: The use of prepared zinc oxides as
Page 11 and 12: 2.2.10 Characterization techniques
Page 13 and 14: Part@ B 7.3.1 Characterization - su
Page 15: Introduction 1.1 Composites 1.1 Com
Page 19 and 20: Nanophase material: They are same a
Page 21 and 22: Introduction developed at Oxford Un
Page 23 and 24: Introduction Rubbers are broadly cl
Page 25 and 26: Introduction The polymers are prepa
Page 27 and 28: 1.4.1 Zinc oxide Introduction Zinc
Page 29 and 30: Introduction and tinted rubber comp
Page 31 and 32: Pharmaceutical industry Introductio
Page 33 and 34: Introduction textiles contain ZnO,
Page 35 and 36: 1.4.2a. Carbon blacks Introduction
Page 37 and 38: Introduction especially glass and c
Page 39 and 40: Introduction properties, filler cha
Page 41 and 42: Introduction coupling agent in sili
Page 43 and 44: Introduction amphiphilic di and tri
Page 45 and 46: Introduction It has been reported t
Page 47 and 48: Introduction The external manifesta
Page 49 and 50: Introduction concern for a clean en
Page 51 and 52: 12. C.R.Martin, Chem. Mater, 1996,
Page 53 and 54: 41. E.J.Stewart, J.Elastomers plast
Page 55 and 56: Introduction 69. J.B. Donnet (Ed),
Page 57 and 58: Introduction 100. C.T.Kresge, M.E.L
Page 59 and 60: Introduction 129. E.R.Ericsson, R.A
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 2 47 In a particular experi
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Chapter 2 were carried out at a cro
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Chapter 2 2.2.4 Strain-sweep studie
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Chapter 2 2.2.6 Bound rubber conten
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Chapter 2 Surface area 59 Surface a
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Preparation and characterization of
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3.2.2 Method I- Precipitation metho
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Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometr
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3.4.9 Differential scanning calorim
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3.6 References Preparation and char
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Use of nano zinc oxide in natural r
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Tear Strength (N/mm) 120 100 80 60
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4.5 References Use of nano zinc oxi
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Chapter 5 oil resistance to oil swe
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Chapter 5 93 Ingredient phr Table 5
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Chapter 5 95 Torque (dNm) 6.5 6.0 5
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Chapter 5 97 Other technological pr
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Chapter 5 99 Table 5.8 Reinforcing
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Chapter 5 101 Hours Table 5.11 Agei
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Chapter 5 5.5 References 103 1. D.C
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Chapter 6 105 Fatty acids as co-act
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Chapter 6 107 Physical properties s
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Chapter 6 The cure rate index of gu
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Chapter 6 show better mechanical pr
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Chapter 6 113 Table 6.6 Reinforcing
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Chapter 6 115 Tensile modulus (Mpa)
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Chapter 6 6.4 Conclusions 117 1. Gu
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Use of antioxidant modified precipi
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Mix Use of antioxidant modified pre
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Crosslink density Use of antioxidan
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Part@ B Use of antioxidant modified
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Thermal ageing studies Use of antio
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7.9 References Use of antioxidant m
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Products from rice husk as filler i
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Rubber compounding Products from ri
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Soxhlet extraction Products from ri
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8.3.4 Bound rubber content Products
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. Hardness (Shore A ) 70 60 50 40 3
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8.8 References 1. V.M.H. Govindaro
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Summary and Conclusions Polymers ar
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Summary and Conclusion compounds an
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ASTM : American Society for Testing
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A. International/National journals
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P.M.SABURA BEGUM Senior Scale Lectu
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