Studies on the use of nano zinc oxide and modified silica in NR, CR ...

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Chapter 8 Bound rubber content 154 Mesoporous silica is incorporated into natural rubber by mixing 20 parts of mesoporous silica into 100 parts of natural rubber on a laboratory two roll mixing mill (16 x 33 cm) at room temperature (Sample I). Sample II of natural rubber and precipitated silica, commonly used as reinforcement load for rubber, was prepared in the same way and used as reference for comparison with the result obtained with the mesoporous silica. The compounded samples were cut in small pieces and put over a stainless steel sieve (40 µm meshes), then extracted with the toluene. The toluene is changed with fresh toluene three times during 4 days and finally dried for one day at 80°C. Bound rubber content is determined by using the following equation 8.1. BRC % = [(b-a)/ (m-a)] x 100 ………………………….. (8.1) The BRC is calculated from the weight of the residue after extraction (b), the weight of the initial mixture (m) and the amount of silica present in the initial mixture (a), determined by calcination at 600°C. Thermogravimetric analysis The thermograms of natural rubber and silica composites are recorded with a thermogravimetric analyzer Q–50, TA instruments. It is computer controlled instrument that permits the measurement of the weight changes in the sample material as a function of temperature. The sample placed in a temperature programmed furnace is subjected to a temperatures in the range of 30°C to 800°C with a heating rate of 10°C/minute and the corresponding weight changes were noted with the help of an ultra sensitive microbalance Air and nitrogen were used as purge gases.
Soxhlet extraction Products from rice husk as filler in natural rubber Weighed (W1) small pieces of vulcanized samples from mix A and mix B and placed inside thick filter paper. This is then loaded into the main chamber of soxhlet extractor. Soxhlet extractor is placed onto a flask containing the extraction solvent acetone. The solvent is heated to reflux for 16 hrs. The nonsoluble portion of the sample in filter paper is weighed (W2). W 1 –W2 Acetone extractable (%) = × 100 ...................... (8.2) W Using equation (8.2) acetone extractable in percentage is calculated 8.3. Results and discussion 8.3.1 Characterization of mesoporous silica Intensity (a.u) 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 2θ (degree) Figure 8.1 Low angle XRD pattern of mesoporous silica Figure 8.1 shows low angle XRD pattern of mesoporous silica. Well resolved peak at 100 plane and two weak peaks at 110 and 200 planes indicates well ordered mesoporous silica with 2D hexagonal structure. 18-21. 155
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Studies on the use
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WxvÄtÜtà|ÉÇ I hereby declare t
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My heartfelt thanks are also due to
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The use of prepared zinc oxides as
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2.2.10 Characterization techniques
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Part@ B 7.3.1 Characterization - su
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Introduction 1.1 Composites 1.1 Com
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Introduction of reinforcement and m
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Nanophase material: They are same a
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Introduction developed at Oxford Un
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Introduction Rubbers are broadly cl
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Introduction The polymers are prepa
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1.4.1 Zinc oxide Introduction Zinc
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Introduction and tinted rubber comp
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Pharmaceutical industry Introductio
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Introduction textiles contain ZnO,
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1.4.2a. Carbon blacks Introduction
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Introduction especially glass and c
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Introduction properties, filler cha
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Introduction coupling agent in sili
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Introduction amphiphilic di and tri
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Introduction It has been reported t
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Introduction The external manifesta
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Introduction concern for a clean en
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12. C.R.Martin, Chem. Mater, 1996,
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41. E.J.Stewart, J.Elastomers plast
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Introduction 69. J.B. Donnet (Ed),
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Introduction 100. C.T.Kresge, M.E.L
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Introduction 129. E.R.Ericsson, R.A
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Chapter 2 47 In a particular experi
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Chapter 2 Stearic acid (co-activato
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Chapter 2 roll with mill opening at
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Chapter 2 were carried out at a cro
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Chapter 2 2.2.4 Strain-sweep studie
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Chapter 2 2.2.6 Bound rubber conten
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Chapter 2 Surface area 59 Surface a
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Preparation and characterization of
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3.2.2 Method I- Precipitation metho
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Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometr
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3.4.9 Differential scanning calorim
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3.6 References Preparation and char
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Use of nano zinc oxide in natural r
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Tear Strength (N/mm) 120 100 80 60
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4.5 References Use of nano zinc oxi
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Chapter 5 oil resistance to oil swe
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Chapter 5 93 Ingredient phr Table 5
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Chapter 5 95 Torque (dNm) 6.5 6.0 5
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Chapter 5 97 Other technological pr
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Chapter 5 99 Table 5.8 Reinforcing
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Chapter 5 101 Hours Table 5.11 Agei
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Page 167: Rubber compounding Products from ri
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