Studies on the use of nano zinc oxide and modified silica in NR, CR ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Chapter 3 68 Figure 3.1.b: EDX patterns of ZnO(s) nanoparticles 3.4.4 Transmission electron microscopy studies Figure3.2a Tem image of ZnO nanoparticles: Figure3.2b Tem image of ZnO nanoparticles: precipitation method solid- state pyrolytic method Figure 3.2a and Figure 3.2b show TEM images of zinc oxide prepared by precipitation method and solid state pyrolytic method. It shows that ZnO particle size prepared by precipitation method is having an average particle size of 20 nm and that prepared by pyrolytic technique have an average particle size of 30 nm. 3.4.5. X–ray powder diffraction studies Intensity(a.u) 250 200 150 100 50 sample2 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 2theta in degrees Intensity (a.u) 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 sample5 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 2theta in degrees Element Element % Atomic % O 19.66 24.57 Zn 80.34 75.43 Total 100.00 100.00 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Figure.3.3 XRD patterns of ZnO prepared by (a) method 1 (b) method 2 (c) Conventional ZnO Intensity(a.u) 600 500 400 300 200 100 sample com 2theta in degrees
Preparation and characterization of zinc oxide Figure 3.3 shows the XRD patterns of ZnO samples. It is very clear from the above figures that the major reflections between 30° and 40° (2θ values) indicate more crystalline regions in the zinc oxide sample. Also the less intense peaks at 48°, 57°, 63° and 70° (2θ values) indicate the high crystallinity of ZnO samples. The detailed analysis of the XRD and the assignments of various reflections are given in the Table 3.3. Table 3.3 Analysis of XRD and the assignments of various reflections of ZnO Sample d (Obs) FWHM Crystallite size (nm) ZnO(p) 2.455 0.471 19.36 ZnO(s) 2.463 0.444 20.52 ZnO(c ) 2.451 0.236 38.66 Crystallite size of the ZnO samples was calculated using Scherrer’s formula. 25 The crystallite size for zinc oxide prepared from method 1 and 2 ranges from 15 nm–30 nm and the crystallite size for conventional zinc oxide range from 40 nm to 60 nm. 3.4.6. Surface area Table 3.4 Surface area of zinc oxide Sl. No. Samples Surface area (m 2 g -1 ) 1 Conventional zinc oxide 4 2 Zinc oxide from method 1 34 3 Zinc oxide from method 2 12 Table 3.4 shows the surface area for conventional zinc oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticle prepared from method 1 and 2 respectively. The surface area is found to be about 8 times high for ZnO from precipitation method and about 3 times high for ZnO from pyrolysis method compared to conventional zinc oxide. 69
Page 2:
Studies on the use
Page 5 and 6:
WxvÄtÜtà|ÉÇ I hereby declare t
Page 7 and 8:
My heartfelt thanks are also due to
Page 9 and 10:
The use of prepared zinc oxides as
Page 11 and 12:
2.2.10 Characterization techniques
Page 13 and 14:
Part@ B 7.3.1 Characterization - su
Page 15 and 16:
Introduction 1.1 Composites 1.1 Com
Page 17 and 18:
Introduction of reinforcement and m
Page 19 and 20:
Nanophase material: They are same a
Page 21 and 22:
Introduction developed at Oxford Un
Page 23 and 24:
Introduction Rubbers are broadly cl
Page 25 and 26:
Introduction The polymers are prepa
Page 27 and 28:
1.4.1 Zinc oxide Introduction Zinc
Page 29 and 30:
Introduction and tinted rubber comp
Page 31 and 32: Pharmaceutical industry Introductio
Page 33 and 34: Introduction textiles contain ZnO,
Page 35 and 36: 1.4.2a. Carbon blacks Introduction
Page 37 and 38: Introduction especially glass and c
Page 39 and 40: Introduction properties, filler cha
Page 41 and 42: Introduction coupling agent in sili
Page 43 and 44: Introduction amphiphilic di and tri
Page 45 and 46: Introduction It has been reported t
Page 47 and 48: Introduction The external manifesta
Page 49 and 50: Introduction concern for a clean en
Page 51 and 52: 12. C.R.Martin, Chem. Mater, 1996,
Page 53 and 54: 41. E.J.Stewart, J.Elastomers plast
Page 55 and 56: Introduction 69. J.B. Donnet (Ed),
Page 57 and 58: Introduction 100. C.T.Kresge, M.E.L
Page 59 and 60: Introduction 129. E.R.Ericsson, R.A
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 2 47 In a particular experi
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 2 Stearic acid (co-activato
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 2 roll with mill opening at
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 2 were carried out at a cro
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 2 2.2.4 Strain-sweep studie
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 2 2.2.6 Bound rubber conten
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 2 Surface area 59 Surface a
Page 75 and 76: Preparation and characterization of
Page 77 and 78: 3.2.2 Method I- Precipitation metho
Page 79 and 80: Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometr
Page 81: Preparation and characterization of
Page 85 and 86: 3.4.9 Differential scanning calorim
Page 87 and 88: 3.6 References Preparation and char
Page 89 and 90: Use of nano zinc oxide in natural r
Page 101 and 102: Tear Strength (N/mm) 120 100 80 60
Page 103 and 104: 4.5 References Use of nano zinc oxi
Page 105 and 106: Chapter 5 oil resistance to oil swe
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 5 93 Ingredient phr Table 5
Page 109 and 110: Chapter 5 95 Torque (dNm) 6.5 6.0 5
Page 111 and 112: Chapter 5 97 Other technological pr
Page 113 and 114: Chapter 5 99 Table 5.8 Reinforcing
Page 115 and 116: Chapter 5 101 Hours Table 5.11 Agei
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 5 5.5 References 103 1. D.C
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 6 105 Fatty acids as co-act
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 6 107 Physical properties s
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 6 The cure rate index of gu
Page 125 and 126: Chapter 6 show better mechanical pr
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 6 113 Table 6.6 Reinforcing
Page 129 and 130: Chapter 6 115 Tensile modulus (Mpa)
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 6 6.4 Conclusions 117 1. Gu
Page 133 and 134:
Use of antioxidant modified precipi
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Mix Use of antioxidant modified pre
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Crosslink density Use of antioxidan
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Part@ B Use of antioxidant modified
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Thermal ageing studies Use of antio
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
7.9 References Use of antioxidant m
Page 163 and 164:
Products from rice husk as filler i
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Rubber compounding Products from ri
Page 169 and 170:
Soxhlet extraction Products from ri
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
8.3.4 Bound rubber content Products
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
. Hardness (Shore A ) 70 60 50 40 3
Page 185 and 186:
8.8 References 1. V.M.H. Govindaro
Page 187 and 188:
Summary and Conclusions Polymers ar
Page 189 and 190:
Summary and Conclusion compounds an
Page 191 and 192:
ASTM : American Society for Testing
Page 193 and 194:
A. International/National journals
Page 195:
P.M.SABURA BEGUM Senior Scale Lectu
show all

Studies on the use of nano zinc oxide and modified silica in NR, CR ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?