Studies on the use of nano zinc oxide and modified silica in NR, CR ...

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Torque (dNm) 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Time (min) Use of nano zinc oxide in styrene butadiene rubber SBR-ZnO(c) 5phr gum SBR ZnO(p) 2phr gum SBR ZnO(s) 2phr gum SBR ZnO(c) 5phr filled SBR ZnO(p) 2phr filled SBR ZnO(s) 2phr filled SBR ZnO(p) 1phr filled SBR ZnO(s) 1phr filled Figure 6.1 Cure graph of styrene butadiene compounds Figure 6.1 shows the cure graph of styrene butadiene compounds. Cure time of gum and filled SBR compounds with ZnO(p), ZnO(s) and ZnO(c) are given in Table 6.3. Table 6.3 Cure time values of SBR compounds Property S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9 S-10 Scorch time (ts2), min Optimum cure time (t90), min Cure rate index (100/t90-ts2) 11.73 10.08 9.07 14.39 5.64 5.92 5.29 5.10 4.52 4.22 15.92 14.41 13.13 19.70 11.13 11.27 10.39 12.38 12.12 11.74 23.86 23.09 24.63 18.83 18.21 18.69 19.60 13.73 13.15 13.29 Compared to the cure characteristics of gum and filled compounds of 2phr ZnO(c), the cure properties of compounds with 5phr ZnO(c) are superior. Similarly, compounds with 2phr ZnO(p) and 2phr ZnO(s) are superior compared to compounds with 1phr ZnO(p) and 1phr ZnO(s). The compounds with low dosage (2phr) of ZnO(p) and ZnO(s) showed similar cure characteristics as that with high dosage (5phr) of conventional ZnO(c). 108
Chapter 6 The cure rate index of gum compounds (S-2, S-3) and filled compounds (S-6, S-7) are comparable with that of gum (S-1) and filled (S-5) compounds of 5phr ZnO(c) respectively. 6.3.2 Properties of gum composites Tensile properties 109 Tensile properties of gum vulcanizates are shown in Figure 6.2. The tensile properties of vulcanizate with 5phr ZnO(c) is superior compared to the vulcanizate with 2phr ZnO(c). The tensile strength and tensile modulus of gum vulcanizates with 2phr ZnO(p) and 2phr ZnO(s) are comparable to the gum vulcanizate with 5phr of ZnO(c). Tear strength of gum vulcanizates with 2phr of ZnO(p) and 2phr of ZnO(s) are slightly increased compared to gum vulcanizate with 5phr of ZnO(c). Elongation at break of gum vulcanizates with 2phr of ZnO(p) and 2phr of ZnO(s) are reduced compared to gum vulcanizate with 5phr of ZnO(c). This improvement in properties is due to the smaller particle size and larger surface area of ZnO(p) and ZnO(s) compared to ZnO(c). Tensile Strength Mpa 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 Vulcanizates Tensile Modulus Mpa 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 Vulcanizates
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Studies on the use
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WxvÄtÜtà|ÉÇ I hereby declare t
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My heartfelt thanks are also due to
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The use of prepared zinc oxides as
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2.2.10 Characterization techniques
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Part@ B 7.3.1 Characterization - su
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Introduction 1.1 Composites 1.1 Com
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Introduction of reinforcement and m
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Nanophase material: They are same a
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Introduction developed at Oxford Un
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Introduction Rubbers are broadly cl
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Introduction The polymers are prepa
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1.4.1 Zinc oxide Introduction Zinc
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Introduction and tinted rubber comp
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Pharmaceutical industry Introductio
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Introduction textiles contain ZnO,
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1.4.2a. Carbon blacks Introduction
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Introduction especially glass and c
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Introduction properties, filler cha
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Introduction coupling agent in sili
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Introduction amphiphilic di and tri
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Introduction It has been reported t
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Introduction The external manifesta
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Introduction concern for a clean en
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12. C.R.Martin, Chem. Mater, 1996,
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41. E.J.Stewart, J.Elastomers plast
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Introduction 69. J.B. Donnet (Ed),
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Introduction 100. C.T.Kresge, M.E.L
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Introduction 129. E.R.Ericsson, R.A
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Chapter 2 47 In a particular experi
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Chapter 2 Stearic acid (co-activato
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Chapter 2 roll with mill opening at
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Chapter 2 were carried out at a cro
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Chapter 2 2.2.4 Strain-sweep studie
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Page 73 and 74: Chapter 2 Surface area 59 Surface a
Page 75 and 76: Preparation and characterization of
Page 77 and 78: 3.2.2 Method I- Precipitation metho
Page 79 and 80: Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometr
Page 85 and 86: 3.4.9 Differential scanning calorim
Page 87 and 88: 3.6 References Preparation and char
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Page 101 and 102: Tear Strength (N/mm) 120 100 80 60
Page 103 and 104: 4.5 References Use of nano zinc oxi
Page 105 and 106: Chapter 5 oil resistance to oil swe
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 5 93 Ingredient phr Table 5
Page 109 and 110: Chapter 5 95 Torque (dNm) 6.5 6.0 5
Page 111 and 112: Chapter 5 97 Other technological pr
Page 113 and 114: Chapter 5 99 Table 5.8 Reinforcing
Page 115 and 116: Chapter 5 101 Hours Table 5.11 Agei
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 5 5.5 References 103 1. D.C
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 6 105 Fatty acids as co-act
Page 121: Chapter 6 107 Physical properties s
Page 125 and 126: Chapter 6 show better mechanical pr
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 6 113 Table 6.6 Reinforcing
Page 129 and 130: Chapter 6 115 Tensile modulus (Mpa)
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 6 6.4 Conclusions 117 1. Gu
Page 133 and 134: Use of antioxidant modified precipi
Page 139 and 140: Mix Use of antioxidant modified pre
Page 143 and 144: Crosslink density Use of antioxidan
Page 151 and 152: Part@ B Use of antioxidant modified
Page 157 and 158: Thermal ageing studies Use of antio
Page 161 and 162: 7.9 References Use of antioxidant m
Page 163 and 164: Products from rice husk as filler i
Page 167 and 168: Rubber compounding Products from ri
Page 169 and 170: Soxhlet extraction Products from ri
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8.3.4 Bound rubber content Products
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Products from rice husk as filler i
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. Hardness (Shore A ) 70 60 50 40 3
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8.8 References 1. V.M.H. Govindaro
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Summary and Conclusions Polymers ar
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Summary and Conclusion compounds an
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ASTM : American Society for Testing
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A. International/National journals
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P.M.SABURA BEGUM Senior Scale Lectu
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