Studies on the use of nano zinc oxide and modified silica in NR, CR ...

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Chapter 3 of particle size and dispersion, which can affect material flow consistency and reflect packaging quantity. Procedure 64 The small end of the funnel was closed with hand or a suitable flat strip and pour 115 ± 5 cm 3 samples into the funnel. The bottom of the funnel was opened quickly and the material was allowed to flow freely into the cup. If caking occurs in the funnel, the material may be loosened with a glass rod. After the material has passed through the funnel immediately scrap off the excess on the top of the cup with a straight edge without shaking the cup. Bulk density= M/V where, M is mass of the sample and V is the volume of the container. Purity of zinc oxide 24 Weighed accurately about 1.5g of the material and 2.5g of ammonium chloride. Dissolved in 50 ml of standard hydrochloric acid (1N) and titrated the excess of acid with standard sodium hydroxide solution (1N) using methyl orange as indicator. Carried out a blank determination without using the material. Purity of zinc oxide is calculated using equation 3.3. Zinc oxide, percent by mass = 4.07 (B-A) /(M) ………………………. (3.3) Where, B = Volume in ml of standard sodium hydroxide solution used in the blank determination. A = Volume in ml of standard sodium hydroxide solution used in the titration with the material M = mass in gm of the material taken for the test
Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry Preparation and characterization of zinc oxide The chemical stoichiometry of ZnO nanoparticle is investigated with EDX, (EDS, HITACHI, and S-2400). Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) The morphology and particle size of zinc oxide were observed using transmission electron microscope (TEM). The transmission electron microscope (TEM) images were taken on a JEOL GEM 3010 Transmission Electron Microscope operating at 300kv. XRD X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was used to characterize the zinc oxide powders. Particle size of the samples was determined using X-ray diffraction technique. XRD patterns were collected using Bruker, D8 advance rotaflex diffraction meter using CuK radiation and λ = 1.5406A °. Crystallite size is calculated using Scherrer equation 3.4. CS = 0.9λ β cos θ ……………………3.4 Where, CS is the crystallite size, β is full width at half maximum (FWHM) of an hkl peak at θ value. 25 Surface area Surface area of the zinc oxide nanoparticles and conventional zinc oxide were measured using BET method. Surface area analysis was done using Micromeritics BJH surface analyzer tristar 3000. Measurements were carried out by nitrogen adsorption at liquid nitrogen temperature. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared spectra are generated by the absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range 400 to 4000 cm -1. Different functional groups and structural features in the molecule absorb at 65
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Studies on the use
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WxvÄtÜtà|ÉÇ I hereby declare t
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My heartfelt thanks are also due to
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The use of prepared zinc oxides as
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2.2.10 Characterization techniques
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Part@ B 7.3.1 Characterization - su
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Introduction 1.1 Composites 1.1 Com
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Introduction of reinforcement and m
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Nanophase material: They are same a
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Introduction developed at Oxford Un
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Introduction Rubbers are broadly cl
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Introduction The polymers are prepa
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Page 29 and 30: Introduction and tinted rubber comp
Page 31 and 32: Pharmaceutical industry Introductio
Page 33 and 34: Introduction textiles contain ZnO,
Page 35 and 36: 1.4.2a. Carbon blacks Introduction
Page 37 and 38: Introduction especially glass and c
Page 39 and 40: Introduction properties, filler cha
Page 41 and 42: Introduction coupling agent in sili
Page 43 and 44: Introduction amphiphilic di and tri
Page 45 and 46: Introduction It has been reported t
Page 47 and 48: Introduction The external manifesta
Page 49 and 50: Introduction concern for a clean en
Page 51 and 52: 12. C.R.Martin, Chem. Mater, 1996,
Page 53 and 54: 41. E.J.Stewart, J.Elastomers plast
Page 55 and 56: Introduction 69. J.B. Donnet (Ed),
Page 57 and 58: Introduction 100. C.T.Kresge, M.E.L
Page 59 and 60: Introduction 129. E.R.Ericsson, R.A
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 2 47 In a particular experi
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 2 Stearic acid (co-activato
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 2 roll with mill opening at
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 2 were carried out at a cro
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 2 2.2.4 Strain-sweep studie
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 2 2.2.6 Bound rubber conten
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 2 Surface area 59 Surface a
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Page 85 and 86: 3.4.9 Differential scanning calorim
Page 87 and 88: 3.6 References Preparation and char
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Page 101 and 102: Tear Strength (N/mm) 120 100 80 60
Page 103 and 104: 4.5 References Use of nano zinc oxi
Page 105 and 106: Chapter 5 oil resistance to oil swe
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 5 93 Ingredient phr Table 5
Page 109 and 110: Chapter 5 95 Torque (dNm) 6.5 6.0 5
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Page 113 and 114: Chapter 5 99 Table 5.8 Reinforcing
Page 115 and 116: Chapter 5 101 Hours Table 5.11 Agei
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 5 5.5 References 103 1. D.C
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 6 105 Fatty acids as co-act
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 6 107 Physical properties s
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 6 The cure rate index of gu
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Chapter 6 115 Tensile modulus (Mpa)
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Chapter 6 6.4 Conclusions 117 1. Gu
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Use of antioxidant modified precipi
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Mix Use of antioxidant modified pre
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Crosslink density Use of antioxidan
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Part@ B Use of antioxidant modified
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Thermal ageing studies Use of antio
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7.9 References Use of antioxidant m
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Products from rice husk as filler i
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Rubber compounding Products from ri
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Soxhlet extraction Products from ri
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8.3.4 Bound rubber content Products
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. Hardness (Shore A ) 70 60 50 40 3
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8.8 References 1. V.M.H. Govindaro
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Summary and Conclusions Polymers ar
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Summary and Conclusion compounds an
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ASTM : American Society for Testing
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A. International/National journals
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P.M.SABURA BEGUM Senior Scale Lectu
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