Studies on the use of nano zinc oxide and modified silica in NR, CR ...

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Chapter 4 Preparation of composites Table 4.1. 78 Ingredient (phr) The base formulation for the preparation of NR compounds is given in Table 4.1 Base formulation for NR compounds N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 NR 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 ZnO(c) 5 - - 2 5 - - 2 - ZnO(p) - 2 - - - 2 - 1 - ZnO(s) - - 2 - - - 2 - 1 Stearic acid 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 HAF - - - - 40 40 40 40 40 40 Aromatic oil - - - - 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 HS 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 CBS 0.6 O.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 TMTD 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Sulphur 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Compounds were prepared by mill mixing on a laboratory size (16 x 33 cm) two-roll mill at a friction ratio of 1:1.25 as per ASTM D 3184-89. After mixing all the ingredients, the stock was passed six times through tight nip gap and finally sheeted out a fixed nip gap. The samples were kept for 24 hrs for maturation. Testing The cure characteristics of all mixes were determined on a Rubber Process Analyzer, RPA 2000, Alpha technologies, USA, as per ASTM D 2084- 01. Subsequently, the rubber compounds were vulcanized up to the
Use of nano zinc oxide in natural rubber optimum cure time at 150°C in an electrically heated hydraulic press. The mouldings were cooled quickly in water at the end of the curing cycle and stored in a cool dark place for 24 hrs prior to physical testing. Physical properties such as modulus, tensile strength, elongation at break, tear strength, hardness, abrasion loss, flex resistance, heat build-up and compression set were studied as per relevant ASTM standards. 4.3 Results and discussion 4.3.1 Cure characteristics Torque values of gum and filled compounds with ZnO(c), ZnO(p), and ZnO(s) are shown in Table 4.2. Table 4.2 Torque values of NR compounds Property N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 Min Torque dNm Max Torque dNm ∆Torque dNm 0.02 0.03 0.03 -0.04 0.11 0.06 0.12 0.02 -0.04 0.02 2.64 2.79 2.70 2.44 6.14 6.19 6.19 4.01 3.85 4.32 2.62 2.76 2.67 2.48 6.03 6.13 6.07 3.99 3.89 4.30 The torque values of filled and gum compounds with 2phr ZnO(p), ZnO(s) are comparable to that containing 5phr ZnO(c) compounds. The torque values of filled compounds with 2phr ZnO(p), ZnO(s) are higher than that compounds with 1phr ZnO(p), ZnO(s) and 2phr ZnO(c). So compounds with 2phr ZnO(p), ZnO(s) show higher cross linking compared to compounds with 1phr ZnO(p), ZnO(s). Compared to the torque values of filled and gum compounds of 2phr and 5phr conventional ZnO, it is found that 5phr 79
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Studies on the use
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WxvÄtÜtà|ÉÇ I hereby declare t
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My heartfelt thanks are also due to
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The use of prepared zinc oxides as
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2.2.10 Characterization techniques
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Part@ B 7.3.1 Characterization - su
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Introduction 1.1 Composites 1.1 Com
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Introduction of reinforcement and m
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Nanophase material: They are same a
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Introduction developed at Oxford Un
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Introduction Rubbers are broadly cl
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Introduction The polymers are prepa
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1.4.1 Zinc oxide Introduction Zinc
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Introduction and tinted rubber comp
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Pharmaceutical industry Introductio
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Introduction textiles contain ZnO,
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1.4.2a. Carbon blacks Introduction
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Introduction especially glass and c
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Introduction properties, filler cha
Page 41 and 42: Introduction coupling agent in sili
Page 43 and 44: Introduction amphiphilic di and tri
Page 45 and 46: Introduction It has been reported t
Page 47 and 48: Introduction The external manifesta
Page 49 and 50: Introduction concern for a clean en
Page 51 and 52: 12. C.R.Martin, Chem. Mater, 1996,
Page 53 and 54: 41. E.J.Stewart, J.Elastomers plast
Page 55 and 56: Introduction 69. J.B. Donnet (Ed),
Page 57 and 58: Introduction 100. C.T.Kresge, M.E.L
Page 59 and 60: Introduction 129. E.R.Ericsson, R.A
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 2 47 In a particular experi
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 2 Stearic acid (co-activato
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 2 roll with mill opening at
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 2 were carried out at a cro
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 2 2.2.4 Strain-sweep studie
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 2 2.2.6 Bound rubber conten
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 2 Surface area 59 Surface a
Page 75 and 76: Preparation and characterization of
Page 77 and 78: 3.2.2 Method I- Precipitation metho
Page 79 and 80: Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometr
Page 85 and 86: 3.4.9 Differential scanning calorim
Page 87 and 88: 3.6 References Preparation and char
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Page 101 and 102: Tear Strength (N/mm) 120 100 80 60
Page 103 and 104: 4.5 References Use of nano zinc oxi
Page 105 and 106: Chapter 5 oil resistance to oil swe
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 5 93 Ingredient phr Table 5
Page 109 and 110: Chapter 5 95 Torque (dNm) 6.5 6.0 5
Page 111 and 112: Chapter 5 97 Other technological pr
Page 113 and 114: Chapter 5 99 Table 5.8 Reinforcing
Page 115 and 116: Chapter 5 101 Hours Table 5.11 Agei
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 5 5.5 References 103 1. D.C
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 6 105 Fatty acids as co-act
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 6 107 Physical properties s
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 6 The cure rate index of gu
Page 125 and 126: Chapter 6 show better mechanical pr
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 6 113 Table 6.6 Reinforcing
Page 129 and 130: Chapter 6 115 Tensile modulus (Mpa)
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 6 6.4 Conclusions 117 1. Gu
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Crosslink density Use of antioxidan
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Use of antioxidant modified precipi
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Part@ B Use of antioxidant modified
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Thermal ageing studies Use of antio
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7.9 References Use of antioxidant m
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Products from rice husk as filler i
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Rubber compounding Products from ri
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Soxhlet extraction Products from ri
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8.3.4 Bound rubber content Products
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. Hardness (Shore A ) 70 60 50 40 3
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8.8 References 1. V.M.H. Govindaro
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Summary and Conclusions Polymers ar
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Summary and Conclusion compounds an
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ASTM : American Society for Testing
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A. International/National journals
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P.M.SABURA BEGUM Senior Scale Lectu
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