Studies on the use of nano zinc oxide and modified silica in NR, CR ...

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Chapter 8 reflect packaging quantity. Bulk densities of silica samples are given in Table 8.7. The bulk density of RHsilica is found to be higher due to the smaller particle size of RHsilica compared to precipitated silica. BET surface area measurements 164 Table 8.7 Bulk density of silica samples Samples Bulk Density m 2 /g Commercial silica 0.96 RHsilica 1.34 The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method was used for the analysis of surface area of RHsilica and commercial silica at liquid nitrogen temperature. Rice husk silica exhibits surface area of 224 m 2/g whereas the surface area of commercial silica is found to be 178 m 2/g. Powder X-ray diffraction The X-ray diffraction pattern of rice husk silica is presented in figure 8.7. Lin (counts) 30 20 10 0 -10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 2-Theta-scale RHSilica Figure 8.7 X-ray diffraction pattern of rice husk silica
Products from rice husk as filler in natural rubber Silica obtained from rice husk is found to be completely amorphous with a broad diffraction peak centered on 2θ/degrees ≈ 22. From XRD analysis the crystallite size of rice husk silica is found to be around 20 nm. Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy %Transmittance 100 80 60 40 20 0 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 wave numbers (cm-1) Figure 8.8 – FTIR spectrum of RHsilica RHSilica According to Wagner’s report, 22 the strong band at approximately 1100 cm -1 is assigned to Si-O vibration. The bands at 798 cm -1 and 470 cm -1 are the characteristic bands of amorphous silica. 25 However the broad absorption band at 3200-3750 cm -1 is found only on silica. This band is attributed mainly to the vibration of silanol groups and the hydrogen bonding interaction between water and adjacent silanol groups. Unlike silica, the results reveal the lower number of hydroxyl or silanol groups on the surface of RHsilica and hence reduced silica-silica agglomeration. 8.6.2 Cure characteristics Cure characteristics of the mixes C and D are given in the Table 8.8. 165
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Studies on the use
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WxvÄtÜtà|ÉÇ I hereby declare t
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My heartfelt thanks are also due to
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The use of prepared zinc oxides as
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2.2.10 Characterization techniques
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Part@ B 7.3.1 Characterization - su
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Introduction 1.1 Composites 1.1 Com
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Introduction of reinforcement and m
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Nanophase material: They are same a
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Introduction developed at Oxford Un
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Introduction Rubbers are broadly cl
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Introduction The polymers are prepa
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1.4.1 Zinc oxide Introduction Zinc
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Introduction and tinted rubber comp
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Pharmaceutical industry Introductio
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Introduction textiles contain ZnO,
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1.4.2a. Carbon blacks Introduction
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Introduction especially glass and c
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Introduction properties, filler cha
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Introduction coupling agent in sili
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Introduction amphiphilic di and tri
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Introduction It has been reported t
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Introduction The external manifesta
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Introduction concern for a clean en
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12. C.R.Martin, Chem. Mater, 1996,
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41. E.J.Stewart, J.Elastomers plast
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Introduction 69. J.B. Donnet (Ed),
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Introduction 100. C.T.Kresge, M.E.L
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Introduction 129. E.R.Ericsson, R.A
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Chapter 2 47 In a particular experi
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Chapter 2 Stearic acid (co-activato
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Chapter 2 roll with mill opening at
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Chapter 2 were carried out at a cro
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Chapter 2 2.2.4 Strain-sweep studie
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Chapter 2 2.2.6 Bound rubber conten
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Chapter 2 Surface area 59 Surface a
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Preparation and characterization of
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3.2.2 Method I- Precipitation metho
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Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometr
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3.4.9 Differential scanning calorim
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3.6 References Preparation and char
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Use of nano zinc oxide in natural r
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Tear Strength (N/mm) 120 100 80 60
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4.5 References Use of nano zinc oxi
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Chapter 5 oil resistance to oil swe
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Chapter 5 93 Ingredient phr Table 5
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Chapter 5 95 Torque (dNm) 6.5 6.0 5
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Chapter 5 97 Other technological pr
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Chapter 5 99 Table 5.8 Reinforcing
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Chapter 5 101 Hours Table 5.11 Agei
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Chapter 5 5.5 References 103 1. D.C
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Chapter 6 105 Fatty acids as co-act
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Chapter 6 107 Physical properties s
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Chapter 6 The cure rate index of gu
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Chapter 6 show better mechanical pr
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Page 167 and 168: Rubber compounding Products from ri
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Page 191 and 192: ASTM : American Society for Testing
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