Studies on the use of nano zinc oxide and modified silica in NR, CR ...

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c) Diethylene glycol (DEG) Antioxidants Experimental Techniques and Materials used Diethylene glycol was supplied by S.D fine chemicals Ltd, Mumbai. a) Vulkanox HS Commercial antioxidant vulkanox HS (1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl quinoline, polymerized) was obtained from Bayer India Ltd. It had a specific gravity of 1.1. b) Para-phenylenediamine derivatives IPPD [N-isopropyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine], 6PPD [N-(1,3- dimethyl buty1)–N′-pheny1-p-phenylenediamine], DPPD [N,N′-diphenyl-p- phenylenediamine] were obtained from NOCIL Ltd. Thane, India. Sulphur (cross linking agent) Sulphur was supplied by M/S Standard chemicals Co Pvt. Ltd, Madras. It had the following specifications. Specific gravity (g/cm 3) 2.05 Ash (%) 0.10 Solubility in CS2 (% by mass) 98 2.2 Experimental 2.2.1 Vulcanization Mixing and homogenization on a mixing mill Mixes were prepared on a laboratory size two roll mixing mill (6 x 12 inch) as per ASTM D 3182–89. The mixing was carried out at a friction ratio of 1:1.25. The mill opening was set at 0.2 mm and the elastomer was passed through the rolls twice without banding. This was then banded on the slow 50
Chapter 2 roll with mill opening at 1.4 mm and was increased to 1.9 mm as the band became smooth. The temperature of the rolls was maintained at 70±5 °C. The compounding ingredients were added as per procedure given in ASTM D 3184–89 and ASTM D 3182–89 in the following order: activator, filler, accelerator and curing agents. Before the addition of accelerator and sulphur, the batch was thoroughly cooled. 51 After mixing all the ingredients, homogenization of the compound was carried out by passing the rolled stock end wise six times at a mill opening of 0.8 mm. The mill was opened to give a minimum stock thickness of 6 mm and the stock was passed through the rolls four times folding it back on itself each time. Mixing of the compounds using brabender plasticorder Brabender plasticorder has been widely used for measuring processability of polymer. The heart of the torque rheometer is a jacketed mixing chamber whose volume is approximately 40 cc for the model used (PL 3S). Mixing and shearing of the material in the mixing chamber is done by horizontal rotors with protrusions. The resistance put up by the test material against rotating rotors in the mixing chamber is indicated with the help of a dynamometer balance. The dynamometer is attached to a mechanical measuring system, which records the torque. A dc thyrister controlled drive is used for speed control of the rotors (0 to 150 rpm). The temperature can be varied up to 300°C. A thermocouple with a recorder is used for temperature measurements. Different type of rotors can be employed depending upon the nature of the polymer used. The rotors can be easily mounted using the simple fastening and coupling system. Mixing time and temperature were controlled during the process.
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Studies on the use
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WxvÄtÜtà|ÉÇ I hereby declare t
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My heartfelt thanks are also due to
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The use of prepared zinc oxides as
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2.2.10 Characterization techniques
Page 13 and 14: Part@ B 7.3.1 Characterization - su
Page 15 and 16: Introduction 1.1 Composites 1.1 Com
Page 17 and 18: Introduction of reinforcement and m
Page 19 and 20: Nanophase material: They are same a
Page 21 and 22: Introduction developed at Oxford Un
Page 23 and 24: Introduction Rubbers are broadly cl
Page 25 and 26: Introduction The polymers are prepa
Page 27 and 28: 1.4.1 Zinc oxide Introduction Zinc
Page 29 and 30: Introduction and tinted rubber comp
Page 31 and 32: Pharmaceutical industry Introductio
Page 33 and 34: Introduction textiles contain ZnO,
Page 35 and 36: 1.4.2a. Carbon blacks Introduction
Page 37 and 38: Introduction especially glass and c
Page 39 and 40: Introduction properties, filler cha
Page 41 and 42: Introduction coupling agent in sili
Page 43 and 44: Introduction amphiphilic di and tri
Page 45 and 46: Introduction It has been reported t
Page 47 and 48: Introduction The external manifesta
Page 49 and 50: Introduction concern for a clean en
Page 51 and 52: 12. C.R.Martin, Chem. Mater, 1996,
Page 53 and 54: 41. E.J.Stewart, J.Elastomers plast
Page 55 and 56: Introduction 69. J.B. Donnet (Ed),
Page 57 and 58: Introduction 100. C.T.Kresge, M.E.L
Page 59 and 60: Introduction 129. E.R.Ericsson, R.A
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 2 47 In a particular experi
Page 63: Chapter 2 Stearic acid (co-activato
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 2 were carried out at a cro
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 2 2.2.4 Strain-sweep studie
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 2 2.2.6 Bound rubber conten
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 2 Surface area 59 Surface a
Page 75 and 76: Preparation and characterization of
Page 77 and 78: 3.2.2 Method I- Precipitation metho
Page 79 and 80: Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometr
Page 85 and 86: 3.4.9 Differential scanning calorim
Page 87 and 88: 3.6 References Preparation and char
Page 89 and 90: Use of nano zinc oxide in natural r
Page 101 and 102: Tear Strength (N/mm) 120 100 80 60
Page 103 and 104: 4.5 References Use of nano zinc oxi
Page 105 and 106: Chapter 5 oil resistance to oil swe
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 5 93 Ingredient phr Table 5
Page 109 and 110: Chapter 5 95 Torque (dNm) 6.5 6.0 5
Page 111 and 112: Chapter 5 97 Other technological pr
Page 113 and 114: Chapter 5 99 Table 5.8 Reinforcing
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Chapter 5 101 Hours Table 5.11 Agei
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Chapter 5 5.5 References 103 1. D.C
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Chapter 6 105 Fatty acids as co-act
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Chapter 6 107 Physical properties s
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Chapter 6 The cure rate index of gu
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Chapter 6 show better mechanical pr
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Chapter 6 113 Table 6.6 Reinforcing
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Chapter 6 115 Tensile modulus (Mpa)
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Chapter 6 6.4 Conclusions 117 1. Gu
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Use of antioxidant modified precipi
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Mix Use of antioxidant modified pre
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Crosslink density Use of antioxidan
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Part@ B Use of antioxidant modified
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Thermal ageing studies Use of antio
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7.9 References Use of antioxidant m
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Products from rice husk as filler i
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Rubber compounding Products from ri
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Soxhlet extraction Products from ri
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8.3.4 Bound rubber content Products
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. Hardness (Shore A ) 70 60 50 40 3
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8.8 References 1. V.M.H. Govindaro
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Summary and Conclusions Polymers ar
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Summary and Conclusion compounds an
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ASTM : American Society for Testing
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A. International/National journals
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P.M.SABURA BEGUM Senior Scale Lectu
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