Studies on the use of nano zinc oxide and modified silica in NR, CR ...

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Chapter 1 IV Depending on structural components 4 a. Fibrous composites (composed of fibrous filler in matrix) b. Laminar composites (composed of layers of materials) c. Particulate composite (composed of particulate fillers in matrix) d. Skeletal composites (composed of continuous skeletal matrix filled with a second matrix) 1.2 Nanomaterials Nanomaterials serve as a bridge between the molecular and condensed phase. 2-3 The thousands of substances that are solids under normal temperatures and pressures can be subdivided into metals, ceramics, semiconductors, composites and polymers. These can be further subdivided into biomaterials, catalytic materials, coatings, glasses and magnetic and electronic materials. All of these solid substances, with their widely variable properties taken on another subset of new properties when produced in nanoparticle form. 1.2.1 Classification of nanomaterials 4 Cluster: A collection of units of up to about 50 units. Colloid: A stable liquid phase containing particles in the 1-1000nm range. Nanoparticle: A solid particle in the 1-100nm range that could be nanocrystalline, an aggregate of crystallites or a single crystallite. Nanocrystal: A solid particle that is single crystal in the nanometer size range. Nanostructured or nanoscale material: Any solid material that has a nanometer dimension; three dimension–particles; two dimension-thin films; one dimension-thin wire. Metals, semiconductors, ceramics belong to this class.
Nanophase material: They are same as nanostructured material. Introduction Quantum dot: A particle that exhibits a size quantization effect in at least one dimension. 1.2.2 Preparation of nanomaterials There are two general ways available to produce nanomaterials. The first way is to start with bulk material and then break it into smaller pieces using mechanical, chemical or other form of energy (top-down). An opposite approach is to synthesize the material from atomic or molecular species via chemical reactions and allow the precursor particles to grow in size (bottom-up). Both approaches can be done in either gas, liquid, super critical fluids, solid states or in vacuum. 5-9 Most of the manufacturers are interested in the ability to control: a) particle size b) particle shape c) size distribution d) particle composition e) degree of particle agglomeration. 10-12 Process used for bottom–up manufacturing 13 Methods to produce nanoparticles from atoms are chemical processes based on transformations in solution. (e.g., sol-gel processing, chemical vapour deposition (CVD), plasma or flame spraying synthesis, laser pyrolysis, 14 atomic or molecular condensation. These chemical processes rely on the availability of appropriate “metal-organic” molecules as precursors. Sol–gel processing differs from other chemical processes due to its relatively low processing temperature. This makes the sol–gel process cost effective and versatile. In spraying processes, the flow of reactants (gas, liquid in form of aerosols or mixtures of both) is introduced to high-energy flame produced by plasma spraying equipments or carbon dioxide laser. The reactants decompose and particles are formed in a flame by homogeneous nucleation and growth. Rapid cooling results in the formation of nanoscale particles. 5
Page 2: Studies on the use
Page 5 and 6: WxvÄtÜtà|ÉÇ I hereby declare t
Page 7 and 8: My heartfelt thanks are also due to
Page 9 and 10: The use of prepared zinc oxides as
Page 11 and 12: 2.2.10 Characterization techniques
Page 13 and 14: Part@ B 7.3.1 Characterization - su
Page 15 and 16: Introduction 1.1 Composites 1.1 Com
Page 17: Introduction of reinforcement and m
Page 21 and 22: Introduction developed at Oxford Un
Page 23 and 24: Introduction Rubbers are broadly cl
Page 25 and 26: Introduction The polymers are prepa
Page 27 and 28: 1.4.1 Zinc oxide Introduction Zinc
Page 29 and 30: Introduction and tinted rubber comp
Page 31 and 32: Pharmaceutical industry Introductio
Page 33 and 34: Introduction textiles contain ZnO,
Page 35 and 36: 1.4.2a. Carbon blacks Introduction
Page 37 and 38: Introduction especially glass and c
Page 39 and 40: Introduction properties, filler cha
Page 41 and 42: Introduction coupling agent in sili
Page 43 and 44: Introduction amphiphilic di and tri
Page 45 and 46: Introduction It has been reported t
Page 47 and 48: Introduction The external manifesta
Page 49 and 50: Introduction concern for a clean en
Page 51 and 52: 12. C.R.Martin, Chem. Mater, 1996,
Page 53 and 54: 41. E.J.Stewart, J.Elastomers plast
Page 55 and 56: Introduction 69. J.B. Donnet (Ed),
Page 57 and 58: Introduction 100. C.T.Kresge, M.E.L
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Page 63 and 64: Chapter 2 Stearic acid (co-activato
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Chapter 2 2.2.4 Strain-sweep studie
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Chapter 2 2.2.6 Bound rubber conten
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Chapter 2 Surface area 59 Surface a
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Preparation and characterization of
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3.2.2 Method I- Precipitation metho
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Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometr
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3.4.9 Differential scanning calorim
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3.6 References Preparation and char
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Use of nano zinc oxide in natural r
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Tear Strength (N/mm) 120 100 80 60
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4.5 References Use of nano zinc oxi
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Chapter 5 oil resistance to oil swe
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Chapter 5 93 Ingredient phr Table 5
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Chapter 5 95 Torque (dNm) 6.5 6.0 5
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Chapter 5 97 Other technological pr
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Chapter 5 99 Table 5.8 Reinforcing
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Chapter 5 101 Hours Table 5.11 Agei
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Chapter 5 5.5 References 103 1. D.C
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Chapter 6 105 Fatty acids as co-act
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Chapter 6 107 Physical properties s
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Chapter 6 The cure rate index of gu
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Chapter 6 show better mechanical pr
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Chapter 6 113 Table 6.6 Reinforcing
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Chapter 6 115 Tensile modulus (Mpa)
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Chapter 6 6.4 Conclusions 117 1. Gu
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Use of antioxidant modified precipi
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Mix Use of antioxidant modified pre
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Crosslink density Use of antioxidan
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Part@ B Use of antioxidant modified
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Thermal ageing studies Use of antio
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7.9 References Use of antioxidant m
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Products from rice husk as filler i
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Rubber compounding Products from ri
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Soxhlet extraction Products from ri
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8.3.4 Bound rubber content Products
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. Hardness (Shore A ) 70 60 50 40 3
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8.8 References 1. V.M.H. Govindaro
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Summary and Conclusions Polymers ar
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Summary and Conclusion compounds an
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ASTM : American Society for Testing
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A. International/National journals
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P.M.SABURA BEGUM Senior Scale Lectu
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