Studies on the use of nano zinc oxide and modified silica in NR, CR ...

Nanophase material: They are same as nanostructured material.
Introduction
Quantum dot: A particle that exhibits a size quantization effect in at least one
dimension.
1.2.2 Preparation of nanomaterials
There are two general ways available to produce nanomaterials. The
first way is to start with bulk material and then break it into smaller
pieces using mechanical, chemical or other form of energy (top-down). An
opposite approach is to synthesize the material from atomic or molecular
species via chemical reactions and allow the precursor particles to grow in
size (bottom-up). Both approaches can be done in either gas, liquid, super
critical fluids, solid states or in vacuum. 5-9 Most of the manufacturers are
interested in the ability to control: a) particle size b) particle shape c) size
distribution d) particle composition e) degree of particle agglomeration. 10-12
Process used for bottom–up manufacturing 13
Methods to produce nanoparticles from atoms are chemical processes
based on transformations in solution. (e.g., sol-gel processing, chemical
vapour deposition (CVD), plasma or flame spraying synthesis, laser
pyrolysis, 14 atomic or molecular condensation. These chemical processes rely
on the availability of appropriate “metal-organic” molecules as precursors.
Sol–gel processing differs from other chemical processes due to its relatively
low processing temperature. This makes the sol–gel process cost effective and
versatile. In spraying processes, the flow of reactants (gas, liquid in form of
aerosols or mixtures of both) is introduced to high-energy flame produced by
plasma spraying equipments or carbon dioxide laser. The reactants
decompose and particles are formed in a flame by homogeneous nucleation
and growth. Rapid cooling results in the formation of nanoscale particles.
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