Studies on the use of nano zinc oxide and modified silica in NR, CR ...

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Chapter 8 implemented method for preparing high pure amorphous silica with low energy process. 150 Silica has been used as an important reinforcing agent in rubber compounds together with carbon black. 11-15 Mixing of silica into rubber compound offers a number of advantages in tear strength, abrasion, heat resistance, hardness, high modulus, high resilience, improved rolling resistance, reduction in heat build–up and increase in the compound adhesion of multi component products. Reinforcement is usually defined as improvement in abrasion, tear, cutting and rupture resistance, in stiffness and hardness of vulcanized compounds through the incorporation of finely divided mineral particles. The most important factor in the capability of certain minerals to impart reinforcement to elastomers is the average particle size. Reinforcement is readily obtained with particle sizes smaller than 100nm and semi reinforcement with particle sizes smaller than 1000 nm. Particles larger than 10 3 nm do not have reinforcing capabilities or have detrimental action. 16 But the particles chemical structure is also a decisive factor. Silica has a number of hydroxyl groups on its surface, which results in strong filler-filler interactions and adsorption of polar materials by hydrogen bonds. Since intermolecular hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups on the surface of silica are very strong, silica can aggregate tightly exhibiting a complex geometry, from elementary particles to aggregates, agglomerates and clusters with dimensions from 0.05 to 40 µm. This property can cause a poor dispersion of silica in a rubber compound. 17 Nowadays many attempts have been made to prepare mesoporous silica from the natural resources because of cost saving and environmental issue. From rice husk, soluble sodium silicate is extracted using caustic soda. The development of new mesoporous silica with properties different than the precipitated silica, especially their high BET surface areas and their organized
Products from rice husk as filler in natural rubber pore structures with pore sizes between 1.5-10 nm, make them potential materials in rubber reinforcing. Supra molecular surfactant aggregates are used as surface directing agent for in-organics during condensation leading to mesoscopically ordered surfactant–inorganic composite. Porosity can be induced in the inorganic part by removal of the surfactant portion through thermal or chemical means. In this study, we describe the preparation of mesoporous silica and rice husk silica from rice husk and their use as filler in natural rubber compounds in the modified form. Mesoporous silica is prepared from sodium silicate which in turn was prepared from fully burnt rice hull ash and rice husk silica (RHsilica) is prepared directly from rice husk. This mesoporous silica and rice husk silica (RHsilica) are modified with antioxidant IPPD (N-Phenyl–N'-isopropyl)–p-phenylenediamine. The natural rubber vulcanizates with antioxidant modified mesoporous silica and precipitated silica are compared for bound rubber content and mechanical properties. Also the natural rubber vulcanizate with antioxidant modified RHsilica are compared with vulcanizate filled with neat RHsilica for mechanical properties. Part@ D USE OF ANTIOXIDANT MODIFIED MESOPOROUS SILICA IN NATURAL RUBBER 8.2 Experimental Materials Sodium silicate solution (commercial grade 27% SiO2, 11.9% Na2O), pluronic acid P123, nitric acid, natural rubber, conventional zinc oxide, antioxidant 151
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Studies on the use
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WxvÄtÜtà|ÉÇ I hereby declare t
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My heartfelt thanks are also due to
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The use of prepared zinc oxides as
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2.2.10 Characterization techniques
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Part@ B 7.3.1 Characterization - su
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Introduction 1.1 Composites 1.1 Com
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Introduction of reinforcement and m
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Nanophase material: They are same a
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Introduction developed at Oxford Un
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Introduction Rubbers are broadly cl
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Introduction The polymers are prepa
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1.4.1 Zinc oxide Introduction Zinc
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Introduction and tinted rubber comp
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Pharmaceutical industry Introductio
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Introduction textiles contain ZnO,
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1.4.2a. Carbon blacks Introduction
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Introduction especially glass and c
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Introduction properties, filler cha
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Introduction coupling agent in sili
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Introduction amphiphilic di and tri
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Introduction It has been reported t
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Introduction The external manifesta
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Introduction concern for a clean en
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12. C.R.Martin, Chem. Mater, 1996,
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41. E.J.Stewart, J.Elastomers plast
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Introduction 69. J.B. Donnet (Ed),
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Introduction 100. C.T.Kresge, M.E.L
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Introduction 129. E.R.Ericsson, R.A
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Chapter 2 47 In a particular experi
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Chapter 2 Stearic acid (co-activato
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Chapter 2 roll with mill opening at
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Chapter 2 were carried out at a cro
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Chapter 2 2.2.4 Strain-sweep studie
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Chapter 2 2.2.6 Bound rubber conten
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Chapter 2 Surface area 59 Surface a
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Preparation and characterization of
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3.2.2 Method I- Precipitation metho
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Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometr
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3.4.9 Differential scanning calorim
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3.6 References Preparation and char
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Use of nano zinc oxide in natural r
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Tear Strength (N/mm) 120 100 80 60
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4.5 References Use of nano zinc oxi
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Chapter 5 oil resistance to oil swe
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Chapter 5 93 Ingredient phr Table 5
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Chapter 5 95 Torque (dNm) 6.5 6.0 5
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Chapter 5 97 Other technological pr
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Page 115 and 116: Chapter 5 101 Hours Table 5.11 Agei
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 5 5.5 References 103 1. D.C
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 6 105 Fatty acids as co-act
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 6 107 Physical properties s
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 6 The cure rate index of gu
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Page 127 and 128: Chapter 6 113 Table 6.6 Reinforcing
Page 129 and 130: Chapter 6 115 Tensile modulus (Mpa)
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 6 6.4 Conclusions 117 1. Gu
Page 133 and 134: Use of antioxidant modified precipi
Page 139 and 140: Mix Use of antioxidant modified pre
Page 143 and 144: Crosslink density Use of antioxidan
Page 151 and 152: Part@ B Use of antioxidant modified
Page 157 and 158: Thermal ageing studies Use of antio
Page 161 and 162: 7.9 References Use of antioxidant m
Page 163: Products from rice husk as filler i
Page 167 and 168: Rubber compounding Products from ri
Page 169 and 170: Soxhlet extraction Products from ri
Page 171 and 172: Products from rice husk as filler i
Page 173 and 174: 8.3.4 Bound rubber content Products
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Page 185 and 186: 8.8 References 1. V.M.H. Govindaro
Page 187 and 188: Summary and Conclusions Polymers ar
Page 189 and 190: Summary and Conclusion compounds an
Page 191 and 192: ASTM : American Society for Testing
Page 193 and 194: A. International/National journals
Page 195: P.M.SABURA BEGUM Senior Scale Lectu
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