Studies on the use of nano zinc oxide and modified silica in NR, CR ...

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Chapter 3 characteristic frequencies. The frequency and intensity of absorption are the indication of the band structures and structural geometry of the molecule. FTIR spectra were taken using Thermo Avtar 370 spectrometer. Thermogravimetric analysis 66 Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA, Q-50, and TA Instruments) was used to study the thermal stability of ZnO. Approximately 5 mg of the samples were heated at the rate of 20°C/min to 800°C. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis The differential scanning calorimetry of natural rubber with ZnO is recorded with a differential scanning calorimeter Q-100, TA instruments. The energy changes associated with transitions were recorded in a temperature range of -60 to 100°C. Samples of known weight encapsulated in standard aluminium pans placed in the sample holder were subjected to the analysis. 3.4. Results and discussion ZnO Characterization 3.4.1 Bulk density The different types of ZnO prepared in the laboratory are characterized by determining the bulk density. Determination of the bulk density of the sample is the primary identification. The bulk density of the prepared samples is shown in Table 3.1. Table 3.1 Bulk densities of ZnO Sample name Bulk density (g/cm 3) ZnO(c) 0.538 ZnO(p) 0.655 ZnO(s) 0.596
Preparation and characterization of zinc oxide From the bulk density results, it is seen that ZnO prepared in the laboratory has high values when compared with those of the conventional ZnO. This may be due to reduction in particle size and difference in structure. It is observed that particle size is lower for ZnO(p) and ZnO(s) than that of ZnO(c). 3.4.2 Purity of zinc oxide Purity of ZnO are shown in Table 3.2. Table 3.2: Purity of zinc oxide Sample Purity of ZnO (%) ZnO(p) 99.8 ZnO(s) 99.9 ZnO(c ) 99.8 The purity of nano zinc oxide prepared from precipitation and solid state pyrolytic method is not less than 99.0 percent. This indicates the high purity of prepared nano zinc oxide and conventional zinc oxide. 3.4.3. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry The chemical stoichiometry of ZnO nanoparticle was investigated with EDX (Figure 3.1 a, b), which affirmed an atomic ratio of Zn: O ≅ 1:1. Element Element % Atomic % O 19.66 24.21 Zn 80.34 75.79 Total 100.00 100.00 Figure 3.1 a: .EDX patterns of ZnO(p) nanoparticles 67
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Studies on the use
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WxvÄtÜtà|ÉÇ I hereby declare t
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My heartfelt thanks are also due to
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The use of prepared zinc oxides as
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2.2.10 Characterization techniques
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Part@ B 7.3.1 Characterization - su
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Introduction 1.1 Composites 1.1 Com
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Introduction of reinforcement and m
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Nanophase material: They are same a
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Introduction developed at Oxford Un
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Introduction Rubbers are broadly cl
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Introduction The polymers are prepa
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1.4.1 Zinc oxide Introduction Zinc
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Page 33 and 34: Introduction textiles contain ZnO,
Page 35 and 36: 1.4.2a. Carbon blacks Introduction
Page 37 and 38: Introduction especially glass and c
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Page 41 and 42: Introduction coupling agent in sili
Page 43 and 44: Introduction amphiphilic di and tri
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Page 47 and 48: Introduction The external manifesta
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Page 51 and 52: 12. C.R.Martin, Chem. Mater, 1996,
Page 53 and 54: 41. E.J.Stewart, J.Elastomers plast
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Page 57 and 58: Introduction 100. C.T.Kresge, M.E.L
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Page 61 and 62: Chapter 2 47 In a particular experi
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Page 73 and 74: Chapter 2 Surface area 59 Surface a
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Page 87 and 88: 3.6 References Preparation and char
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Page 103 and 104: 4.5 References Use of nano zinc oxi
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Page 107 and 108: Chapter 5 93 Ingredient phr Table 5
Page 109 and 110: Chapter 5 95 Torque (dNm) 6.5 6.0 5
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Page 113 and 114: Chapter 5 99 Table 5.8 Reinforcing
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Page 117 and 118: Chapter 5 5.5 References 103 1. D.C
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Page 129 and 130: Chapter 6 115 Tensile modulus (Mpa)
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Chapter 6 6.4 Conclusions 117 1. Gu
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Use of antioxidant modified precipi
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Mix Use of antioxidant modified pre
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Crosslink density Use of antioxidan
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Part@ B Use of antioxidant modified
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Thermal ageing studies Use of antio
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7.9 References Use of antioxidant m
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Products from rice husk as filler i
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Rubber compounding Products from ri
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Soxhlet extraction Products from ri
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8.3.4 Bound rubber content Products
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. Hardness (Shore A ) 70 60 50 40 3
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8.8 References 1. V.M.H. Govindaro
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Summary and Conclusions Polymers ar
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Summary and Conclusion compounds an
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ASTM : American Society for Testing
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A. International/National journals
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P.M.SABURA BEGUM Senior Scale Lectu
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