Studies on the use of nano zinc oxide and modified silica in NR, CR ...

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Chapter 3 3.4.7. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 70 % Transmittance 100 80 60 40 20 0 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Wave number (cm -1 ) % Transmittance 100 80 60 40 20 0 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Wave number (cm -1 ) % Transmittance 100 80 60 40 20 0 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Wave number (cm -1 ) Figure.3.4 FTIR spectrum of ZnO sample prepared by (a) method 1 (b) method 2 (c) Conventional ZnO Figure 3.4 shows the IR spectra of ZnO samples. The peak at 450 cm -1 shows the distinct stretching vibration of zinc oxide. 3.4.8. Thermogravimetric analysis Weight (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Temp ( 0 C) ZnO (pyr) ZnO (ppt) Figure 3.5 Thermogravimetric analysis of zinc oxides (a) ZnO(p) (b) ZnO(s) From the figure it is seen that TGA curve for the nano ZnO from pyrolytic method shows the absence of any actual loss in weight. This indicates the thermal stability and high purity of nano ZnO(s). The TGA curve for the nano ZnO from precipitation method shows a very small decrease in weight percentage at around 190°C-250°C. As reported by Morishige et al. 26 the peaks at around 250°C may be caused by the decomposition of the condensation dehydration of the hydroxyls.
3.4.9 Differential scanning calorimetry Sample: ZnO Pyr NR Size: 4.4300 mg Method: Ramp Heat Flow (W/g) 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 DSC File: C:\TA\Data\DSC\SABURA\ZnO Pyr NR.001 Operator: sinto Run Date: 24-Nov-2008 13:15 Instrument: DSC Q100 V9.9 Build 303 -0.3 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 Exo Up Temperature (°C) Universal V4.5A TA Instruments Sample: ZnO pptn NR Size: 4.4300 mg Method: Ramp Heat Flow (W/g) 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 Preparation and characterization of zinc oxide DSC File: C:\TA\Data\DSC\SABURA\ZnO pptn NR.001 Operator: sinto Run Date: 24-Nov-2008 14:44 Instrument: DSC Q100 V9.9 Build 303 -0.3 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 Exo Up Temperature (°C) Universal V4.5A TA Instruments (a) (b) Sample: ZnO Comm NR Size: 4.2400 mg Method: Ramp Heat Flow (W/g) 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 DSC File: C:\TA\Data\DSC\SABURA\ZnO Comm NR.001 Operator: sinto Run Date: 24-Nov-2008 13:55 Instrument: DSC Q100 V9.9 Build 303 -0.3 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 Exo Up Temperature (°C) Universal V4.5A TA Instruments (c) Figure 3.6 DSC thermogram of natural rubber with (a) ZnO(p) (b) ZnO(s) and (c) ZnO(c) The differential scanning calorimetric study of the natural rubber with prepared nano zinc oxides and with conventional ZnO were done at low temperatures to study the change in glass transition temperature (Tg) during the zinc oxide incorporation. The DSC thermogram of natural rubber with ZnO(p), ZnO(s) and ZnO(c) are shown in the figure 3.6(a),(b),(c) respectively. It is clear from the thermograms that there is no change in the glass transition temperature after the ZnO incorporation, which indicates that the incorporation of zinc oxides will not affect the glass transition temperature of natural rubber. 71
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Studies on the use
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WxvÄtÜtà|ÉÇ I hereby declare t
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My heartfelt thanks are also due to
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The use of prepared zinc oxides as
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2.2.10 Characterization techniques
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Part@ B 7.3.1 Characterization - su
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Introduction 1.1 Composites 1.1 Com
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Introduction of reinforcement and m
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Nanophase material: They are same a
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Introduction developed at Oxford Un
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Introduction Rubbers are broadly cl
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Introduction The polymers are prepa
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1.4.1 Zinc oxide Introduction Zinc
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Introduction and tinted rubber comp
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Pharmaceutical industry Introductio
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Page 35 and 36: 1.4.2a. Carbon blacks Introduction
Page 37 and 38: Introduction especially glass and c
Page 39 and 40: Introduction properties, filler cha
Page 41 and 42: Introduction coupling agent in sili
Page 43 and 44: Introduction amphiphilic di and tri
Page 45 and 46: Introduction It has been reported t
Page 47 and 48: Introduction The external manifesta
Page 49 and 50: Introduction concern for a clean en
Page 51 and 52: 12. C.R.Martin, Chem. Mater, 1996,
Page 53 and 54: 41. E.J.Stewart, J.Elastomers plast
Page 55 and 56: Introduction 69. J.B. Donnet (Ed),
Page 57 and 58: Introduction 100. C.T.Kresge, M.E.L
Page 59 and 60: Introduction 129. E.R.Ericsson, R.A
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 2 47 In a particular experi
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 2 Stearic acid (co-activato
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 2 roll with mill opening at
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 2 were carried out at a cro
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 2 2.2.4 Strain-sweep studie
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 2 2.2.6 Bound rubber conten
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 2 Surface area 59 Surface a
Page 75 and 76: Preparation and characterization of
Page 77 and 78: 3.2.2 Method I- Precipitation metho
Page 79 and 80: Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometr
Page 81 and 82: Preparation and characterization of
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Page 87 and 88: 3.6 References Preparation and char
Page 89 and 90: Use of nano zinc oxide in natural r
Page 101 and 102: Tear Strength (N/mm) 120 100 80 60
Page 103 and 104: 4.5 References Use of nano zinc oxi
Page 105 and 106: Chapter 5 oil resistance to oil swe
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 5 93 Ingredient phr Table 5
Page 109 and 110: Chapter 5 95 Torque (dNm) 6.5 6.0 5
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Page 113 and 114: Chapter 5 99 Table 5.8 Reinforcing
Page 115 and 116: Chapter 5 101 Hours Table 5.11 Agei
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 5 5.5 References 103 1. D.C
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 6 105 Fatty acids as co-act
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 6 107 Physical properties s
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 6 The cure rate index of gu
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Page 127 and 128: Chapter 6 113 Table 6.6 Reinforcing
Page 129 and 130: Chapter 6 115 Tensile modulus (Mpa)
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 6 6.4 Conclusions 117 1. Gu
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Use of antioxidant modified precipi
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Mix Use of antioxidant modified pre
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Crosslink density Use of antioxidan
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Part@ B Use of antioxidant modified
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Thermal ageing studies Use of antio
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7.9 References Use of antioxidant m
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Products from rice husk as filler i
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Rubber compounding Products from ri
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Soxhlet extraction Products from ri
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8.3.4 Bound rubber content Products
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. Hardness (Shore A ) 70 60 50 40 3
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8.8 References 1. V.M.H. Govindaro
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Summary and Conclusions Polymers ar
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Summary and Conclusion compounds an
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ASTM : American Society for Testing
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A. International/National journals
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P.M.SABURA BEGUM Senior Scale Lectu
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