cheenc03a.pdf

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SELEUOIDIE
Antiochur carried all before him, and made himself
master of Pheniciaand the territory on both sides of
the Jordan (Pol. 568f). and wintered in Ptolenlais. In
the following year, however, he was utterly defeated at
Raphi*, the most southerly Syrian city (2'7 B.c.). and
compelled to cede to Egypt all Collesyriv and Phrenicia.
In the meantime Ach~us had raised the standard of
revolt in Asia Minor, and it cost a two years' warfare
round Sardir to overcome him (Pol. 715f:).
Then followed an expedition to the east, in which
Parthia and Bactria w&e invaded ; there successes
gained the king his surname (209 B.c.). When Ptolrmy
Philopator died and Ptolemy V. Epiphaner ascended the
throne (204 H.c.). Antiochur 111. combined with Phillp
V, king of Macedonia. for the partition of the Egyptian
kingdom (Livy, 3111; Pol. 1520). In pursuance of the
scheme Antiochus invaded Creleryriu and Phcenicia,
and overran Palestine (Jor. Ant. xii. 33) : and though a
diversion caused bv Attalur of Pereamum enabled the
Egyptians to reoEcupy Palestine, ;hey were defeated
(198 R.c.) by .knfiochus himself near the sources of the
Jordan, and driven out of the country. Jerusalem itself
fell into the hands of Antiochur (Pol. 1639). A peace
was concluded in which it was agreed that Epiphanes
should marry Antiochus' daughter. Clwpatra, who
should receive Crelesyria, Phrenicia, and Palestine
as her dowry (on this peace, see Holm, op. dL4ji9.
and note on p. 368). Antiochus then commenced
operations in Aria M*lmor, with a view of recovering the
Greek cities there as a whole, and more especially those
of the S. and W, coasts. which had lone been reckoned
to belong to Egypt, buthad recently b;en occupied by
Philip under the terms of the secret alliance with Syria
above-mentioned.' The defeat of Philip by the Romans
at Cynoscepha1;e brouzht .4ntiochus also face to face
withihe power of om; (197 U.C.).
Antiochus claimed nor only sovereignty over the
cities of Aria, but the throne of Thrace also, in virtue
of the victory of Xleucus over Lysimachuj a century
before him. he tension between him and ~ome war
increased when Hannibai, a fugitive from Carthage,
sought asylum at the Syrian court (App Syr. 4).
After long negotiations war was declared between the
two power, in rgr B.C. The decisive battle took place
in the autumn of go B.C. at Magnesia on the Herrnus.
and the motley host of Antiochur w s utterly defeated :
the Roman legions were never actualiy cailrd upon, and
the victory which gave them a third continent cost but
24 horsemen and 300 light infantry (Momms. Hiit of
Rome, ET, r88r. 21~0 f ).% Allusion is made to
these events in Dan. 11 lo, and I Macc. 1 ro 86f. (see
ANTIOCHUS, I). Anfiochue war compelled to renounce
all his conquests N. of the Taurus range. which had in
fact always been the boundary of effective Syrian power
in this direction (Pol. 21 17: Diod. Sic. 29 ro : I.ivy, 37 +s).
In consequence of this defeat and loss of prestige
Armenia fell away from the Syrian empire (StrabO.
528). In 187 B.C. Antiochus himicif. marching into
Elymnir. at the head of the Persian Gu1i in order to
~lunder a temole of Re1 to reolenish his treasurv exhausted
by the enormour war indemnity, was slain by
the nztivesof the district (Strabo, 744).
Seleucus IV.. Philopator (187.175 B.c.), son and
successor of Antiochur the Great, came to the throne in
8. eleuoUSI V, dimcult timcs, when Armenia had
B,C,), already revolted and the prestige of his
country ,"as dinlmed. The power of
Rome also oversh~do&d the East, and freedom of
policy was almost impozsible. Thus he was compelled
SELEUCIDB
to forego the oppprmniry of interfering beyond &It.
Taurus, in assisting Pharnaces of t'onrur against Eumener
of Pergamnm (179 BC., see Diod. Sic.%Y2)). Yet he
concluded a treaty of alliance with Perreus of Macedonia.
With Egypt he Lived outwardly at peace, thongh his
minister Her,rouonus (g.u.) interfered in the affairs of
Palestine. One APOLLONLUS (2). son of Thraseas, being
governor (rrpailyydr) of Ccelesyria and Phcenicia,
induced the kine to send Heiiodorus
~
- his chancellor
('treasurer,' AVI to piundrr the temple of lcrusalem.
.. .*,.
Demetriuz, who subsequently
ascended the throne (see S 11). and Laodice.
Anriochuz IV.. Epiphanesl (175-164 B.c.), war the
son of Antiachuj 111. and Laodicr idauehtrr , of the
u
g, ahus P0ntic king Mithridates 11.). After
the battle of Magnesia he had been
Iv,
sent to Rome as hostage (Appian, Syr.
B,o,),
29). -..
At Rome he remained nearly
fourteen years, and then Seleucur IV. who war on the
Syrian throne secured his exchange for the heir apparent.
Demetrius (Appinn, Svr 45 : cp Justin, 343).
On his way home Anriochur visircd Athens, =nddispl=yed his
ph~l-Hellenicsympathiii by accepting the part of first strafe us
1888, p. 163,%). He do contrlbutcd to the cokplelion of ih:
Olympieum (Pol. Par), and placed a golden xgir over the
theatis (Paur.v.121). He pxerented gifts to the temple of
Zeus ar Olympia, and to rhos~ of Apollo at Dei hi and Delor,
as well as ro many Greek cities-Rhoder. ~yricur, Tegca
:theatre), md Megalopol/r (~ontributioo to walls). His favourire
cult war thar of Olympian Zeus (cp M~uizrht), to whom he
erected a temple at Daphne near Antloch on the Oronter (see
ARTIOCH 1) with a statue which was a replica of that made by
Phidiar fkr blympia.% It was his rhorough-going plugramme
of Helleniiafion which gained him his notoriety m Jewish
annals (Trc. Hirl.58: 'rer Anriochus demere ruperrta~onern
er mores Gracorum dare adnirur').
While he lingered in Athens Anfiachur received news
of the murder of Seleucus 1V. by Heliodorur and, being
supported by the king of Pergamum, he expelled the
usurper, and gained the crown in defiance of the rights
of his nephew Demetriur (Appian. Syr. 45 : cp Frxnkel,
Inrcr. of Pcr.garnon, 1 160 ; r Macc. 1 TO). He showed
himself soon even more enterprising than his father.
For the death of his sister Cleopatra, the widow of
Ptolemy V. Epiphanes (r73 B.c.), opened the whole
question of the ownership of Celeryria, which the
impallya' ir; d irAo see CO~"S ; cp Relnach K",. a. 8,.
Ezmtizns . . claimed as thedowrv of the dead queen (Pol.
27.9). whereas she had only enjoyed n portion of the
revenuederivedfrom that counfry(P01.28~~). Antiochur
forestalled the Eevotinn . . attack lz Macc 42x1. At the
end of 171 B.C. the contending powers came into
decisive conflict on the Egyptian frontier between Mt.
Casiur and Pelusium (r Mucc. 11,). The Egyptians
were utterly defeated. Antiochus even secured the
person of the young king Ptolemy Philometor, and was
himself crowned king of Egvpt at Memphis. There
war a Seleucid party among the Egyptians themselves
(Diod.SOr+): bur upon the withdrawal of Antiochur
(I Mulacc. I zo f ) the national party in Alexandria rose
and placed the young Ptolemy Phyrcon upon the throne
of Egypt. Antiochus therefore invaded Egypt a second
time (z Mncc. 51 ; Pol. 281~). nominally at 6ht in the
interests of Phil~nletor.~ He demanded the ~ ssion of
I 'E~c+~.~s, 'illurrriour ' called also ' E~LU~.~S. :m?d.' from
hir s~ctionr, Pol. 26 r, ~;hm. lO5z. On coins hlr tltlcr are
Em+a.iv. Ncq+6por, and Bcdr. Cp Jus. Ant.xii.55. See
ANrrocnu, 2.
The figurc of Zcvr Nicsphorus enthroned Ppprs on same
of his coin. in lace of that of A llo He seems to have conridcrcd
himrFIPa manifert.tion oPOZFur ; and hP name
Epiphanes really means thar. On some of his comr hli own
portrait occurr, in the character of Zeu.. see Head, fit
Nzmm. 641. The nimhur on the diad~m of the SeleuWd=
originates with him. See rhc remarksof Holm, Grh. Hirt ~ ~ g g .
3 The vrrr of Antiochu IV. rith Egypt are complicz.red,
and it is doubtful whether he made three or more in~2.rionl (50
4352