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ships, such as it was, mun after the settlement have been derived from the Phrenicianr and Philistines in whose hands were the harbours along the coast. It is true that some of the trltrr seen, to figure in the early legcn
SHIP unavailing for the u r w of strengthening the ship,' the other Gcw reems pref-& until fvrtherevldsnce is fonhcoming. Another interesting representation of alarge merchantship is that of about zoo A.D.on a relief found at Porto The near the mouth of the Tiber (see fig. 3). Thin picture illustrates many features in the ',"g. ancient merchant-ships. The hull of a ship was commonly painted, sometimes for a special purpose-as in war. to make the vessel as little conrpicuous as possible ; but .in addition to thir it was often decorated, especially at the stern. We see an e~iample of this decoration in the Porto relief, a group of figures being depicted at the stern. The ornament on the stern-post war often a swan or goose head (Xnvlcror). It figures at a very early period; it is represented for instance on the Asiatic ship of the naval battle of Rameser 111. as represented on a bas-relief at Medinet Habu (see Warre-Cornish, Did. of Gk. and Ram. Antigq. under 'navis'). On the Portorelief waling-pieces, or wooden belts (rwar@prr, not to be confused with the brothpro) are seen to encircle the ship horizontally. At the stern is the deck-house or awning reserved for the rise of the commander (Acts 27 xuprpurjms), who might also be the owner of the ship (ibid.. vadnAnpar). The stem-port usually terminated in a carved ornament or figure-head ; but in place of this there war sometimes a painting on the bow, as in the example before us. Besides thir, and distinct from it, there were statues of the patron deities (cp CASTOK) ; here perhaps to be observed at the rtern. In this ship there are galleries projecting at the bow and the rtern; the latter contains the deck-house lmenfiorled above), in that at the bow were probably sto!vrd the anchors and other instruments (arpo#r%r nal rrprayyrir, windlasses, etc.?). At the stern are the steering oars, here again protected by the upper waling-pieces. The large rail in the centre has brailingropes (K~AoL) and rings, and the mast is kept in position by a number of other roper. The rope by which the lower corner of the sail war attached to the side of the ~ hi~-th~ sheet-war called pervcii or rolir ; in the case of a large sail, such as thin. when two roper would be required, rolir would denote the rope which drew it aft, whilst rpdrour (prope~) designated the rope which drew it fonvard, or the tack. Various derignr SHIPHTAN were often woven upon the sail ; we rem to have an example in piclure. ,he bow a mast to carry the artemon. But a third sail is to be noted on thir ship. This is above the large square sail. Being trianplar in shape and havillg its h~re along the main-yard and its apx attached to the top of the must, it requires no topsail-yard. Similar triangular topsails are represented on some of the coins of the Emperor Commodur. I.artly, we notice that a smallboat is being towedastern (cp Acts2716, fi oxd#,,) ; this would be "red for various purposes, but it was of special importance as a life-boat in case of shipwreck (Acts 27x6 30 jl). It could even be hoisted on board.' From Acts2729 it appears that sometimes several anchon were carried. At first stoner were used for this purpose; later, the anchors resemble very much those of modern limes, they were provided with arms, stocks, and crowns, but had no flukes at the extremities of the arms.* Ships airo carried a plumb-line for sounding (cp Acts 2728, Bohir) ; but the want of a compass made mavietion often very dangerous-the stars, by which the course of a vessel wan directed, not always being visible (cp Acts 27 An ancient shipcould rail according to Smith, at an of .bur reven poidri with the vmd. 'We have no information; he rsyr 'u totheexact ang1c ~ith the wind whichan anci:nr ship could mil. ~r must however h=ve been lssr than elghr points hut Ame than :ii, the usual allowance for a mode; merchant-ship, in moderate weather. I have therefore, in my calculations taken rcven as the mLm k- tween there extremes, and I cannot ruppor it would be much greater or lerr'(p. s,?). Before out to Fa if was usual to make supplication to the protectmg delller foraprorpemur "0,(Wi~d. 14 r).& Cp, furlher, Taaoe. lchlazer, Verr. &rr a/&. Ges?~, 551 ; cen+opa[B.4FL]), the name of one of the Hebrew midwives; Ex. 1,s. This name may be regarded (Che.) ar one of the minor supports of the theory that the sojourn of the Israelites was not in Misrainl (Egypt), but in Misrim (in part of the Negeb). Cp MOSES, g 4. SHIPETAN (IQpW; caeaea [Bl. caeaeaN 1.41. ca@araN [Fl. (c)a@aOa [I.]), an Ephramite, father 1 Theahre d-iption ir bared upon Torr'r standard wnk (see g 1%). I See the min of .4ntoninur Pivr (given in Smith, rro). 8 Cp A. De Qurtrefages, oj: ci*. p..,gj: The Pal~csians knew perfectly well how to drrecr 1 en course at sea by the stars and the route from one point to alothcr once ohservecl war if we may use the erprernon, m a song which would never he forgotten.' 4 Cp the dercription in Grate. His*. of Grrrcr: 'Silence having hccn znjoined and obtained by sound oftrumpet, both the crews in every ship andthe spectators on rhorc followed thc voice of the herald in prayrng to the gods for rucccrs and in singing the Bg.. On every were wen bowls bf ?ins re red pn the epibate made l~bationr with goblets of rllver ="Gdd.
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ENCYCLOPiEDIA BIBLICA A DICTIONARY
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CosualaHr, 1903, Br THE MACMILLAN C
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PREFACE THE idea of preparing a new
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PREFACE ix Such is the history of t
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PREFACE xi manence, they have been
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POSTSCRIPT IF in what was written m
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GENERAL EXPLANATIONS THE labour tha
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QENERAL EXPLANATIONS xv v. Puncltla
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GENERAL EXPLANATIONS xvii On the As
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~ ~ ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND BIB
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ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND BIBLIOG
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MBBA . . MDPV . . Mern . . Mey.. .
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~ - Sclden . ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS
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ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND BIBLIOQ
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MAPS IN VOLUME IV ASIA, WESTERN (il
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AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SOME OF THE
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~ .~ QUARRIES they killed and dried
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RAAMAH RABBAH 3997 R RAAIUAE (3PV7;
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~~~ ~~~~~ RAB-BHAKEE He=kid~ InK 18
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RAHAB BA5AB (>?? : paan), Josh. 21
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RAMATH OF THE SOUTH BAMATH OF THE S
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RAPHAH . . Ewvld (GercA. 35- note)
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REG AH vn, whilep maybe mirwritten
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. RED SEA nineteenth dynasty.' Whet
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~~ . REHOBOTH-IR . . . .. , .. prob
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RBSURRECTION- AND ASCENSION-NARRATI
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~ ~ . RESURRECTION- AND ASCENSION-N
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~~ RESURRECTION- AND ASDENSION-NARR
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RESURRECTION- AND 1 SCENSION-NARRAT
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RESURRECTION- AND ASCENSION-NARRATI
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~ RESURRECTION- AND ASCENSION-NARRA
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RESURRECTION- AND ASDENSION-NARRATI
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RESURREOTION- AND ASCENSION-NARRATI
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REVBEB the getrealogical fable conn
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REUBEN h8c6in (inn ; see JETHKO, se
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REZIA the rnraga of Ptal. (515). an
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RIDDLE 5216J). The occurrences of R
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~~~~~ RIGHT, RIGHTEOUSNESS 'salvati
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RING I Zarephath-jerahmeel [Che.];
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was probably always female victims
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and the Tigris were regarded as hav
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ROMANS (EPISTLE) Thus, there has be
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ROMANS (EPISTLE) the seed of Abraha
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ROWS (EPISTLE) possibility-which, i
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ROME (CHURCH) So far as appears, no
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ROME (CHURCH) in the epistle of the
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ROME (EMPIRE) Marcion laid the foun
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an indirect manner . . .' (Renan, L
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RUTH, BOOK OF historical books, and
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RUTH, BOOK OF The view here taken r
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SABBATH people of God. It would not
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SABBATH and the Sabbath are almost
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SACKCLOTH SAeRIFICE CONTENTS I. HIS
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SACRIFICE festival ('Passover') and
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~ ~ ~~~~~ SACRIFICE the definitions
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SACRIFIOE Ezekiel suppores that his
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SACRIFICE reader a sacrifice for th
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SACRIFICE was such a delegation of
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SACRIFICE peculiar rite which, thou
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SACRIFICE SACRIFICE Jewelry iron, t
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~~~ SAORIFIOE and scarlet wool and
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~ SACRIFICE death of Christ was not
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SADDUCEES been later that the progr
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-~ SALEMAS 8fi~mS (s~ranrr). 4 Esd.
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SALT SALT have no further informati
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SALUTATIONS right shoulder, and kis
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SAMARITANS that eighty men came 'fr
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~ . ~~~~~ a. SAMATUS . . "A): VI~I.
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-, ~ ~ SAMUEL striking experiences
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SAMUEL (BOOKS) SAMUEL (BOOKS) accor
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-,, - SAMUEL (BOOKS) have come to b
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"~ SAPHUTHI SAPHUTHI (c~$,~e~ [A]),
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SARDITE a temple to TiLrrivi (Tic.
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SARGON had been loyal to Tiglath-pi
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~. ~ ~ .,. SATAN The root (it"). wh
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'runners') is, as the present write
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~~~ ~ ..... SAUL 5 4). Accordingly
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SAVARAN 2. (RV SHAUL). An early Edo
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SCOURGE, SCOURGING jointed clawr wh
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~~~ ~ ~ - . SCRIBES AND PHARISEES w
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SCRIBES AND PHARISEES of the adjace
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SCYTHIANS it is possible that alrea
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SCYTHIANS SCYTHIANS Trhiri ('lcrin,
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SEA CALVES for the priests to warh
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~ ~~ ~~~~~~ SELA-HAMMAHLEKOTH the l
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~~ ~~~~ SELEUOIDIE Antiochur carrie
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~ ~~ ~~~~~ - SELEUCIDB the Syrian t
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SEM After the defeat of Tizranei, S
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SENNACHERIB Babyionia. His principn
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SEPHARVAIM "...io~,), 'Zarephathher
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~ ~~~~ , (nrihZi) who held discours
Page 229 and 230: SEWON ON THE MOUNT hastens to incor
Page 231 and 232: SERMON ON THE MOUNT memory do not s
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Page 237 and 238: SERPENT (c) The belief (implied in
Page 239: SERVANT OF THE LORD God, and a rela
Page 243: SERVANT OF THE LORD the Servant hin
Page 246 and 247: SETHITES it now stands, Enoch comer
Page 248 and 249: SHACKLES numbers of Snm. For instan
Page 250 and 251: SHAHAZIMAH home war in ,the field [
Page 252 and 253: SHAMGAR ;l~slgned to Samson.' When
Page 254 and 255: SHAPHER SHAREZER but aimorr more pr
Page 257 and 258: ~ SHEBNA ilzx F. R. cut oti and thr
Page 259: SHECHEM not inroluble; they settle
Page 262: SHEKEL contract-tablets of the time
Page 265 and 266: .~~~ ~ SHEMARIAH 6 Jal, ~~REUBEN(~
Page 267 and 268: SHEPHATIAH H.-jerahmrel?) and Ribla
Page 269 and 270: SXESEACH ($@, as if humiliation.' c
Page 271: (a/,.'*, ,) .:..lu~l~~irn,r(~h~~~~x
Page 275 and 276: SHILOH or ideal future of Israel ;
Page 278: SHINAR applying the right key we ar
Page 284 and 285: SHOBAB SHOBAB il)>d, cw&a~, as if ,
Page 286 and 287: SHOES SHOSHANNIM o.iv, (which these
Page 288: ~~ ~ , actually took the Shulammite
Page 291 and 292: SIDDIM, VALE OF SR also the quotati
Page 293 and 294: SIEGE which record that chariots we
Page 295 and 296: SIEVE sirge operations of the secon
Page 297 and 298: SILAS, SILVANUS Acts15=~-18~. At th
Page 299 and 300: , SILAS, SILVANUS As for the forms
Page 303: SIMEON parts.' Even, however, if th
Page 307 and 308: I. Son of Mattathias surnamed THASS
Page 309 and 310: SIMON MAGUS thought that had procee
Page 312 and 313: SIMON MAGUS blood. If it war this o
Page 316 and 317: SIMON MAGUS SIMON MAGUS agninst Pau
Page 318 and 319: SIMON MAGUS Mmander, and pupils of
Page 320 and 321: SIMON PETER ih) From what has been
Page 322: SIMON PETER (o) .As for the convers
Page 326 and 327: SIMON PETER SIMON PETER 3,=Lk. 5.0-
Page 328 and 329: SIMON PETER SIMON PETER ;od, a mean
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SIMON PETER SIMON PETER .>:'< 1.:.
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SIMON PETER SIMON PETER Now, it war
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SIMON PETER SIMON PETER (about 189.
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~~~ SIMON PETER is referred to in 1
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SIMON PETER SIMON PETER (c) The thi
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SIMON PETER ning as it has come dow
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SIMON PETER engaged in controveiiy
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SIMON PETER Even if nabvlonin war P
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SINAI AND HOREB moreover, is regard
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~~~ ~~~ ~ ~ SINAI AND HOREB however
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~ SINIM, THE LAND OF Arab. hap: 'mi
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...., ~~~~~~~~ ~- ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ SIRACH
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&%el(Zj., Is. 4i.t. RV ,train') ii
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~ -~~ strooc protert is raised agai
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SODOM AND GOMORRAH of an earthquake
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SODOM AND GOMORRAH enough, there wa
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SOLOMON may, however, admit that th
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~ SOLOMON vtr. Hiram, i.~., Jerahme
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~ SON OF OOD told in Judah, it is n
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SON OF GOD SON OF GOD that the diff
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SON OF GOD Pilare. The eariiei form
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... SON OF MAN SON OF MAN SON OF WA
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~~ SON OF MAN number of Aramairms n
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SON OF MAN Latin verrion~ mnd~r ira
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SON OF MAN It seemed to Holitcn pro
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SON OF Gospels and Acts before Marc
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SON OF MAN SON OF MAN ship the dist
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SON OF MAN have nests, but a man ha
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SON OF MAN contents himself with tr
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SPICE-MERCHANTS gum wagacanth or st
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SPINNING 146 19 1514). The phenomen
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,, , SPIRITUAL GIFTS of men; and gi
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SPIRITUAL GIFTS visions, and dreinl
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~~~~~ SPIRITUAL GIFTS the sense of
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~~ - SPIRITUAL GIFTS Eavolliable, a
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~ ~ . ~~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ STARS To the pri
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STEPHEN STEPEEN The narrative in Ac
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STEPHEN rejcctian of Jcsur mar an i
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STEPS STOICS bcrw;en the two men. P
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~. STONES (PRECIOUS) additional ter
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STONES (PRECIOUS) which are quuted
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STORAX. r. It ir plausible to find
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STRANGER AND SOJOURNER as Jacob mar
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~ SUSANNA SUSANNA (coyca~~a, i.. ?l
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~ ~ -~ Othzr words doubtfully or wr
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SYNAGOGUE dvd8rw markan obje:t as '
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~~ SYNAGOGUE sion (from Jer. Bi~akh
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SYNEDRIUM supposed to assert that J
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SYRIA SYRIA , S.), but also the oas
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I. EGYPTIAN MONUMENTS. 11. AMARNA L
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Orontes, in Maiatia, Mark:. Aleppo.
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itself. This is true specially of t
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