cheenc03a.pdf

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SYNAGOGUE
sion (from Jer. Bi~akh. 8a) is here given for comparison
with the ' 1,ord'r Prayer.'
'Graur ur understanding ; griciuudy nccept our repntrnce:
forgive "3, our redeemer: her1 our diseases: bless our year*;
for thou gatherest the scattered and it is thine to judge the
errins; put thy hand vpon the wicked. and may ill who trust
in thee rejoice in the buildine of rhy kcy, the rmcwal of thy
sanctuary, in the Branch of David, thy rerrnnr (8.1. thesprout.
ins of a horn for David); for tho" mrwerext hefore we Cali.
Blerrrd rrr rhuu, Lord, who hearest prayer.''
Petition lz of the Palestinian recension all5 for
special mention. The text and its tra~lrlntion are as
followr :
o,pfp?
.;m 5"
II-":] 1>2? rn>>,>>
[n?+ ~22 03?m: D'??>?!
k n3g.?r oy! wn;l TFD an?:]
: 0-> p?)p 2 mfr q,?
. -
The thiid line has settled it beyond question that
Justin Mwtyr and the Church fvthers were right in their
state,nentr that the Christiarls wrre n,entio,,ed in the
daily synagogal prayers (Dioi. r. Tryjh. 93 133 137;
and see Schk. 2163).
By the end of the second century *.n.it was an .rtahlirhsd
cu3tom ro close thc rynago~xl rrv1ce With the priestly hen=.
diction (nV?q>l np?), Nu.ozz-za. As this wax originally a
part of the temple ;CTV~C~, it was probably not introduced into
the rynag?gal lhturgy until after the ccsutlon of that service.
When prrero were present, the p.onounced the b.""di~fi"",
\timding between rhe ark il"d tL ongregarion and facing ,he
I TO. 1 ; i n the hsndr as high rr the
rhoulder(Sata, ?a), md repzcing tie formula the pizcmror
word by word thc congregntlon re5ponding each of the
three paiur ,vhh Amen. In the absence of prrclr the beiiediction
wa offered in priycr, md then, jurr before thc closing
prayer for pease, peritlon 18 (Mix. 18rr).
(c) The Sabbath lesson from the Law and the
Prophets, and the occas8onal expositiun or exhortation
following upon them, were custonlary in NT t i n ~
(Lk. 416 f Acta13ri11 16m : cp zCor. 3.5; Jos. c..4p.
2x8: Philo, 2630). The lesson from the Law was
unqnrstionably the oldest, and so thc most pron,inent,
part of the synagogue service. The tradition says that
'Moses instituted the reading of the Law on the $ahbaths.
feast-days, new moons, and half feast-days;
and that Ezra appointed the read~ng of the Law for
Mondays and Thursdays and the Sabbath afternoons'
(Jer. ICfZf. 75"). SUC~ early and general ori@n, how.
ever, is out of the question. That here also there has
been a gradual development is made probable by the
fact that the present system of dividing the Pentateuch
into fifty-four rectionr (o~o),
..:
to be completed in an
annual cvde, can be traced back to an earlier cvcle of
two duration, and that again to one oi ~hree
years and lhra yearr and a halt The special lesrons
still in use for the sabbaths of new moons. the foul.
rnbbnthr before the Passover, and for other festivals
(.Ifiyiiid35 f) give ground for the supposition that the
lcironr originated in theselection of appropriate passages
for particular occarions, and that only out of there grew
the more definite arrangement.* Since the reading of
1 The Hchrcw text may be found in Dalm. Worfrlrr", 13%.
"",,aer fragmcnf of ,his recension add,, rxw. K', D"
and omitr I. 4. The parts lhaf are bracketed arc
recarded as later rddifionr by Dalm Wortrlcru, l joo.
3 'The Babylonian recension of this pcrition omitr ~1x1. and
for o ~ i l
'rlandsrerr: Acsordine to PI1a6h-
it readz ~'l..i~.
SYNEDRIUM
the Law binding upon all, every Irmelitc, even
~ninarr, could partake in the public reading ; and on
the Sabbath inlornine aevm. at ic.usf. %rere called uoon. . ~
Each person read 1,; own portion ; and only in cases of
inability to rend wan a pubiic lector employed (jer.
MJ,. 75 a ; Phil. 2282). The Mlshna (.llfor the hrsr day of the P&srorer ,"a3 Jos. 5 9 8 ;
for the second day, 1 K. 2J. for Penieoli the Irsm from the
Law w a, Dr. 16 9 8, the ~;ph!ara, Hah.3 includingw. 1~6:
on rlte Day ofntonement it was in the rnoLning IS. ~ 7 ~ ~ 8
the rfternuon Jonah. liere again the ear1icst relccrionr'on
rccord (Tor. Mix. 4 r-4 ; MZg 31 n) are Lore for rpccial dsyr ;
md most likely they acrved ar thc nucleus for the present
"""gemen,.
If is most ~robahle that in NT timer the oroohetie
portiom were not yet fired, but were chosen by the
reader, and that the scircrion of Jesur (Lk. 4 16 f ) war
his own choice.
(e) Both the lessons from the Law and those from
the Prophets were translated or paraphrased into the
. .
vernacular Aramaic by an interpreter (i?!?") : in the
coie of the Law, one verse at a time: in the lessons
fri>m the Prophets, three verses might be taken at once
( I . 4). These translations and paraphrases (cx~)
wrre of the nature of explanations, and led gradually
to the more extended expositions (.,>a, .:. cimJ Of
teaching in the synagogues the NT cont?ins "I"""
illustr8tions (>It. 4zs Mk. 6~). 'She preacher figl:)
sat while speaking (Lk. 410). The Scripture erpositioll
WRE "01 a required part of the service: neither wan it
thc prerogative of an ordained clnss; any one able to
instruct might be invited to speak (.4ct513ri), though
ordinarily it fell to the rabbis of the community
(BJr&kh3!hrh. 28n). Cp Jssus. $ g.
Much of the lilemture has already hen mentioned : the chid
plnca fill belongs to Schiirer, GlYIJI, 2 + ~ ~ + 6 ~ Dnlman .
'Sysagogalcr Gotterdiener PREIsl 77.rg)
11. lit9ratU.e. ha3 added richly to both tie rubjecrjnd !h:
bibliography, and rign?lly dirt!" ul\he% himselfbyarevercrcautioninurln
the ~ i ~ h ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ i l l u
11. time of Chria. To rheSitcrarure given by Schurzr -d
Dslmin add: Durchrk, Cdsrh. u. Dnrsirliuxf djlm Cuilr,~,
hlmnheirn, 1866: Nowack, HeGr Archarolafie, 287 8 :
Halrzminn, Nruiisf. Zntgisch. ,I, e; Dgmhitz. /rn"i,h
Srnices in Spar08ur nlirf Nomi (pop" rr), Phllr