cheenc03a.pdf

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SELEUCIDB
phaena. the wife of Grypun, the unfortunate Cleopatra
was put to death (Justin, 393). Soon the scale was
turned. and Grypus war defeated, and compelled to
retire to Aspendus (Eus. Chron. lzil) ; Tiyphiena was
put to death it, her turn by the victor. In rrr a.c.
Graous ,.
returned and won back northern Svria. The
result of the struggle was that the Syrian empire, now
sadlyshruoken in size, was partitioned between the contestants,
Giypuflretvining rrorthrrn Syria with Ciiicia,
and Cy~icenur taking Phanicia and Coclesyria with its
capital Damascus. Apparently a state of peace did not
long continue: bur the details of the never-ceasing
warfare are hard to trace.
It is clear that the brotherr' wu in S~ia wal inrimarcly connected
with a rimilnr ifrife in Ewt, where rlro Ptolemy
Alexmder and Prolemy Sorer 11. were rl enmity, due Lo the
SELEUCIDB
(Holm. Gr&. Hist. 4 ~~2). The confusion prevailing is
well illustrated by the fact that Antiochur X. married
Selene who had first been the wife of Grypus and had
then married Antiochus Cyzicenur, his orvn father.
First, Antiochus X. had to meet the opposition of
Antiochus XI. and Philippus I., the third and the
iecond sons of Glypus. After a battleon the Orontes, in
which Antiochus X. was victoriour, Anfiochus XI. iart
his life in the river in his flight (Jor. 1.c. ; Eus. Chron.
1~61). Philippus then assumed the royal title, and
held part of Syria (from 94 B.c.). In the meantime,
Ptolemy Larhyrusl had rent for Demetriur, fourth son
of Grypus, from Cnidus, and had established him as
king in Damarcur.~ After hard fighting Antiochur X.
was expelled from S~ia (or, according to Josephor.
lost his life in battle with the Parthians].
Soter 11.
The confusion in Syia was an opportunity for surrounding
powers. In 103 n.c. even Rome, by the
victory of the Prator M. Antoniur aver the pirates.
gained a footing in Cilicia (cp Justin, 39~). By the
union of Laodlce (Thea Philadeiph>~e), daughter of
Grypus, with ~Mithridates I. Callinicus, the dynasty of
Commagrne war founded, and the way prepared for the
severance of that kingdom from Syria (cp Mommsen in
Atbn. ~lfift. Ill f ). The Jews alro, under John
Hyicaniir. who had practically thrown off their allegiance
since the death of Antiochus VII. (1298.c.).
made great rtridcs forward, inverting and destroying
Samaria labout 108 , in mite . of all that Antiochus
Cyzicenur, even with the help of 6000 trwpn rent by
Pt~lemy Soter 11.. could do to save it (Jos. Ant.
riii. 102 - ~
fi. , Such successes as the Syrian kine " won
were entirely neutralired and torn from his grasp by the
renofur oauNum secured by Hyrcanus bidding 'Antiochus
the son of Antiochus' (Jos. Ant. xi". 1012; cp
id. xiii. 921 restore all his Palestinian conquests.
...- .".
Seleucus VI., Epiphaner, the eldest son of Antiochus
,. .
Grvous, on his father's death Inid claim to the un-
O,ss leuma divided empire, and proceeded to
VI, Epiphansa ssert his claims by arms. Antiochus
Cyzicenur marched into northern Syria
xieator against him, but being defeated killed
(96-96
himself in the battle (Appian, Syr 69 ;
, lo.;.
~- Ant ~-
xiii. 12' - ~ seems . not ouite accurate). A sketch
oi tho character of Anriochua Cyzicenur is given in Diod.
85,+. We are told that he had to wife Selene, the
Egyptian who had ken married to his rival
Gr5.l)~~: but whether her marria~e to Cyzicenur occurred
beidre dr after the death of ~rypus is &known. For a
few months seleucus VI. war master of the whole extent
of the Syrian empire, ar it then existed, but soon he war
expelled by a rival, Antiochus X. Eusebes, Philopator.
the son of rZntiochur Cy~icenur. He war compelled to
refire into Cilicia, where he took refuge in the town of
'Syria now presented the spectacle of, firstly, a
contest between two branches of the Seleucids, the
al, antiochus deice"dants of the brothers Demetriun
x, (9CS3 ,0,), 11. and Antiochus VII.. but both
having the same ancestress [Cleopatra
Thea], and, secondly, of squabbles between the
members of the first branch, the five sons of Grypus '
4359
. .
kinadom is not known : but Demetrius probably ruled
Soon
22. Philippus
hor-
C~Fsyria and Antioch:
I, Deme- tdme6 broke out between them. Demetriur
war also engaged with the Jews,
trius who in 88 "C. called him in to aid
them arainst their tvrant orince Alexander Tannaus.
~ ~ 2
Demetrius defeated Tannaeus 110s. Ant. xii; 141 f i ;
but in the moment of victory Jewish national feeiing
awoke, and 6000 Jews went over to Alexander from the
umy of Demetriu. The Syrian king must have shown
signs of desiring to reduce Judsea once more to a dependency
of Syria. Demetriur then turned his arms
against his brother Philippus, whom he besieged in
Beraa.s Straton, the ruler of Beraa, who supported
Philippus, appealed for asriitancc to the Arab sheik
Azizus and the Parthian Mithridater. By them Demelriur
war himself beleaguered in his camp, and compelled
to capitulate. He died in honourable confinement
at the court of the Parthian kine - Mithridater 11.
(Jos. Ant. xiii.143).
After the capture of Demetriw by the Parthians.
Philippus made hin~self master of Antioch, and for a
short time war sole ruler of what was left of the Syrian
umpire (88 B.c.). The intestine strife was soon renewed,
for Antiochus XII. Dionyror,' the youngest of
the sons of Grypus. claimed the throne, and established
himself in Damascus (8716 B.c.). Philippus. indeed.
shoiflv ~, afterwards took the tonvn bv the treachem of the
governor ~Mileriur, while Antiochus was engaged with
the Nabafaans ; but he war compelled to evacuate it
again. When Anriochua resumed operations against
the Arabians, the Jewish despot, Alexander Janneus.
attempted to bar the road through Judeza by constructing
a great wall and trench from Joppa to Capharraba,
hut in vain (Jos. Ant. xiii.151). Ten thousand Arab
riderr surprised the forcer of the Syria,, ring, who, true
to the traditions of his house, fell fighting bravely
(probably about 84 8.c.).
The end of Philippus isdoubtful. In 83 n.c. the Armenian
king Tigmoer mr lnvitcd to ut an end tn the long strife by
making hlmrelf master of tEe Syrian 4ingdom. Neifh~r
philippus nor ~ntiochus X. (if rh~y were ral! rhve: see aLo~
g zr) could offer my real apponrl?n, nnd Tlgranes msdc hlrn!
self master of ,he entire SF>&" km dom from the ieii to the
E:uphrafes, including alro Cilicir (finin, 4?1, Appian, SF.
. Hew ruled for fourteen yen-, Syria ktng $overnrd by a
v~emy. In 6 n c thc connecrivn Tlgmner wrth hir fatherin.la,v
~ith~idlat&br~~~~~~
led to hlr own defeat by Lucullur.