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~ SERMON ON THE MOUNT SERMON ON THE MOUNT able hypothesis. The well-known habit of compiling Gdr bthcrly providcncs (Brg-3i, cp 545) ar a moiivc for sinrlenrrr of heart and for freedom from unclue worldlv anrietv 1 through the orolio nrontunu; earlier and later logia are ! nlassed together, and even their dexterous union cannot obliterate their heterogeneous nature and foreign rites.L Mt.'5 sermon, to a much larger degree than Lh.'s, is neither cotrrecutive in trrnd nor a unity in time; in- 1 ternal evidence, and the compamtive evidence gained from Lk., put this beyond the reach of doubt. The very style r1rowr how the source hnr been worked over. In hlt.5-7 we have the author's fauourite 'come ~nto'(~poo- Jp,.) in theintroduction (1teLk:r 'as he war' (6" ,~i"fi".l I, 1 ern.), and favourif* or chrractel.iiticphrarer throughout the whole-rg, '(md)the"'([rail,d.r: 524 7 54, 'vrii1y'tM": 5 Xecfc.), 'say. . . i,ga,nst. . . (.inriui..o,irrvor: 5 n ley), 'again'(rrd*cu: 53;efc.). 'bereen'(+aiuo&er: 65.6 r8),inrmnr., 'do'(m~e;~) with adverb (517 82 71z=Lk.Ej1) 'he done (yfylhjiu: B 10, nor in Lk.: Acsr 120 a), 'it war rdid'(ippiRq: 5,, em., "on-Lucsn), verbs in .e"T,V J",c.".Lv, "POQ~,.CLY, $oude~s, 6ylapdcru) 'go thy way' (US.~~.: 5 4 'whoever' (am.,: 3394' 7 ri2;=6r, Lk.64~). 'fili'(rur: 518)16), 'before lmcnl (ivpoo6ru: 51024 6 1% 76),,'forso'(oiirucyip: 25 8x5 B 1,) the simpler pron. for the reflexwe (529 6 ~g), WP~S ib ('to') nith'infin. (5as 61). ':hat . .. may' ($nu? 16 t~rnesl), 'as' (Gmep: 6. ets.), 'it 1% (rmll+
SEWON ON THE MOUNT hastens to incorporate an addreri of his to the disciples (6n0. not to the Twelve). The address opens wirh r quartette of lierdruder, aportrophiring literal poverty, phy$snl hunger, andactual tears iir dcrtlned to becure ~venrually bl>ir and bencfirr for di~sipler in such resenr ?f roclnl want and otpre!rion. There beatitudes treathe .,c,t of ,"ten, ,ymp,, .,I, the p, and d,". troddcn, which is chnrrcreriitic of the third gospel. Diver for example (16 r9-3!),ir nor renl ro hell rimply because he is Ach. Yct hi3 nchcr, if IS implicd, have not mere1 aggravated his guilt, but prored a barrier to the collduct wKich would have raved him. Be,ter without them, is the inference. l3ctt.r berfuw them in alms upon the needy. Lmrur. Ir this sc~ihrr m.nsuiiudinrs Christ< arrumer, being a poor man is piour. Similarly, in the good time coming, Jemr promises a complete revolurion of the social order, when the dertitvre will reccive compensation far theiiprerenr ills1 (CP the deliberate 'now'[~i~l one murt be equipped adeqoiitcl) frt of all (Bgo). Selfcriticism (B+I%) is the necessary prelude ta ilny nncere and useful criticirm dothex people., If k the ~nncr rrnte of n inan's own heart (643.+5) that derermlner the value and virtue of what repeafcd in 3. 21 ; 'ir'[bilvl, a. 20, ~mplier certain, nor present he contributes ru the world. See M~XFS (coI. 3098). porrersion). As 0 27 indicates, lu. lo-26 ire spoken in the hear! Finally fheepihwe ("6.4~) in prabolic form (whlch ',night mg of the disciples ,=,her hhahhaddrhhhd L~fhhmdiiil. They consrantl; inhabll both the memarrand the judgment; sir rcprcrenf an impnrl~oned monologue addre-d to two general Philip Sidnv) sums up the rrsponrlbllity of hearer?: a sti%ble class- of individuals whom Jerur, her< 'one of the prophets' sharacfsr is built up not on mere verbal admimtlon of the indeed, seer in his mind's eye. Among the many dirc~~lcr reacher. hut on practical obedlencs to such command. ni he OllB?iaO,~tanding round him there wcrc prohrbly poor men has inid down. pmr by clrcumsti.ncel or by cioice (i XI), hungry people (6 and ruffererl (61~.9. Hut rt rhir juncture ir would have been Whatever be Lk.'s method elsewhere in dealing with neither an appropriate nor an erhaurtire dercription to clrrdfy his sources, the Sermon exhibits traces of considerable the dircipler nr a whole under there categories. freedom on the part of the editor, whose general This ir corrohoraled h). the quartetre of woes (O?>'~N), in char;lcterirtics of style, conception, and arrangement whish the reverse ride of the icrvre in .ketched(Ir. 58.~3, cp are fairly conspicuour in 610.45. Not merely in the 6513-16). Like the rerr of wLt is $culirr to Lk. in the Scrmon, it ir mainly concerned wirh theprilr of authority (jib), beatitudes and woes (feine. pp. 111-120). but fhro~gh- populrrily (16), and especially money (a4.L 33f. 38n). Thc rccvnd wa ir unaccountably omitted in Sr. There is no woe ~orreiponding to the third bearitude, mnd the fouirh woe is addrcrred to the dirclplei rather than to an ~bjective c1nrs !hereby reruming w. B"d pavin ,heway for the tr?nsirior: u. zl. I" hir rccond L~.L storLe5 l~~u,tr,tln, the joy "It by disciple5 under pe~ec"tion (Gl,=As~rS,r, etc.), whxle at the rme time he polntr our that popularity is not in. variably (Rom. 14 18) a aroof of disloyalty (616, c Actr247). Although the first three Latiruderand war are external and erch=tologi~l, the fourth oricher adeeper note of crprience: yet allare sonuollzd by the .%me scnrc that the religious querdon ir bound up with the rockl, ar the OT prophets we= ncver weary of Teiternting. In quieter tones Jcsusnow proceeds to mddresr not the twelve aponie3 bur the wider circle (6 I ~ZO) of his disciples or immediate hearers (627%). parsing from the vehcmenr dcnunclalion of prosperous and proud folk into i pcrsurrive appeal for charity md forberrrnce among his adhcrentr.3 The iniroduction, 'Bur I r y unto you' (1AG 4yiv hj.~). wh~re 'YOU,' is *who heal' (voic i.oiour,u), corrob0rai.r the ,m. $:%kt hitherto in 620-=a Jerur hm been derrjbing, rarher than addrerung, certaln fypcr pf men. At thb pomt the contrast is almost equal lo a dropping of the voice. The ruhstance of the dircourre, in it3 recond phiire, ir love to one's enenlies or opponents. According to Lk., this human. dirpo5itio?ir to he exprerred nor simply >? blessing and prayer, but hcrolcally in (a) apatie",, ""complnlning endurance of "iplense and robbsry, and m (6) lending money freely-so freely ,"deed, that ir 1s a loan merely in name. Ar urd, the quedion of money hulks largely in Lk:r mind. He r~prerentx Jewl iirccounrell~ng the disciples in effecrirc and ~ ~ ~ ~ ? laphonrmr i f i ~ d never to make money an acciirion of quarrelling; ~f it be rtalen from rhem, bettor acqui~~e than retaliate and attempt to recover the insr: ii burrowed, "ellher money nor prope:ty 3s tobe demanded back. To this pvrive mir, m rctive ride 1s added: molley ir to I,* ungrudq~~~gly lent 4cv~n to une'r cnemier. Onc docs not nccd SERMON ON THE MOUNT to he rich in order to be robbed ox to lend money; but it ir obvious that rcirerated and prominent injunctionr like there wouid lose much of their pin,, if the society towhich they were addrerscd c~nrirfed of poverty-stricken outc*tr. This enforces the view that 620.L is llOL illtended to describe the actual con. dition of the dircipler round Jerur, to whom 627 f is spoken. The third phase of the address (39.4i)open> wirh rumr laosely =t logir; the thrend upon which Lk. has strung rhem reems to be i s follow.. Turning from one'r duty to 8. Char- jeivi dwells on the duty, erpcclr~ly &ristics. of reaching =nd inrrrucUon, which one owes to the brethren. To give safe guidance (ti3g= 1.5. srgf) one must be clear-cyed oneself; to kive adeqtlare and cump1ete aisirrrnce to the untrained md inexperienced. out the whole, the Jewish-Christian circle reflected in Lk'5 sources become5 visible and audible. Whilst Mt, reflects the early church under the strain of opporition at the hands of Pharisaic relieion. Lk. rereuls indirectly the fortunes and hop& of Palestinian .~~. Christians, possibly within the Jeiusalem~church (Feine. on. ~L*.I&./ itself. under the overbearinp rule and bitter anin;& of the wealthy Sadducees (see Renari's rAnLl
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ENCYCLOPiEDIA BIBLICA A DICTIONARY
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CosualaHr, 1903, Br THE MACMILLAN C
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PREFACE THE idea of preparing a new
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PREFACE ix Such is the history of t
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PREFACE xi manence, they have been
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POSTSCRIPT IF in what was written m
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GENERAL EXPLANATIONS THE labour tha
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QENERAL EXPLANATIONS xv v. Puncltla
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GENERAL EXPLANATIONS xvii On the As
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~ ~ ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND BIB
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ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND BIBLIOG
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MBBA . . MDPV . . Mern . . Mey.. .
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~ - Sclden . ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS
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ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND BIBLIOQ
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MAPS IN VOLUME IV ASIA, WESTERN (il
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AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SOME OF THE
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~ .~ QUARRIES they killed and dried
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RAAMAH RABBAH 3997 R RAAIUAE (3PV7;
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~~~ ~~~~~ RAB-BHAKEE He=kid~ InK 18
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RAHAB BA5AB (>?? : paan), Josh. 21
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RAMATH OF THE SOUTH BAMATH OF THE S
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RAPHAH . . Ewvld (GercA. 35- note)
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REG AH vn, whilep maybe mirwritten
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. RED SEA nineteenth dynasty.' Whet
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~~ . REHOBOTH-IR . . . .. , .. prob
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RBSURRECTION- AND ASCENSION-NARRATI
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~ ~ . RESURRECTION- AND ASCENSION-N
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~~ RESURRECTION- AND ASDENSION-NARR
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RESURRECTION- AND 1 SCENSION-NARRAT
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RESURRECTION- AND ASCENSION-NARRATI
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~ RESURRECTION- AND ASCENSION-NARRA
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RESURRECTION- AND ASDENSION-NARRATI
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RESURREOTION- AND ASCENSION-NARRATI
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REVBEB the getrealogical fable conn
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REUBEN h8c6in (inn ; see JETHKO, se
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REZIA the rnraga of Ptal. (515). an
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RIDDLE 5216J). The occurrences of R
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~~~~~ RIGHT, RIGHTEOUSNESS 'salvati
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RING I Zarephath-jerahmeel [Che.];
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was probably always female victims
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and the Tigris were regarded as hav
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ROMANS (EPISTLE) Thus, there has be
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ROMANS (EPISTLE) the seed of Abraha
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ROWS (EPISTLE) possibility-which, i
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ROME (CHURCH) So far as appears, no
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ROME (CHURCH) in the epistle of the
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ROME (EMPIRE) Marcion laid the foun
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an indirect manner . . .' (Renan, L
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RUTH, BOOK OF historical books, and
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RUTH, BOOK OF The view here taken r
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SABBATH people of God. It would not
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SABBATH and the Sabbath are almost
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SACKCLOTH SAeRIFICE CONTENTS I. HIS
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SACRIFICE festival ('Passover') and
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~ ~ ~~~~~ SACRIFICE the definitions
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SACRIFIOE Ezekiel suppores that his
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SACRIFICE reader a sacrifice for th
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SACRIFICE was such a delegation of
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SACRIFICE peculiar rite which, thou
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SACRIFICE SACRIFICE Jewelry iron, t
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~~~ SAORIFIOE and scarlet wool and
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~ SACRIFICE death of Christ was not
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SADDUCEES been later that the progr
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-~ SALEMAS 8fi~mS (s~ranrr). 4 Esd.
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SALT SALT have no further informati
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SALUTATIONS right shoulder, and kis
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SAMARITANS that eighty men came 'fr
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~ . ~~~~~ a. SAMATUS . . "A): VI~I.
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-, ~ ~ SAMUEL striking experiences
Page 177 and 178: SAMUEL (BOOKS) SAMUEL (BOOKS) accor
Page 179 and 180: -,, - SAMUEL (BOOKS) have come to b
Page 181 and 182: "~ SAPHUTHI SAPHUTHI (c~$,~e~ [A]),
Page 183 and 184: SARDITE a temple to TiLrrivi (Tic.
Page 185: SARGON had been loyal to Tiglath-pi
Page 188: ~. ~ ~ .,. SATAN The root (it"). wh
Page 193 and 194: 'runners') is, as the present write
Page 195 and 196: ~~~ ~ ..... SAUL 5 4). Accordingly
Page 197 and 198: SAVARAN 2. (RV SHAUL). An early Edo
Page 199 and 200: SCOURGE, SCOURGING jointed clawr wh
Page 201 and 202: ~~~ ~ ~ - . SCRIBES AND PHARISEES w
Page 203 and 204: SCRIBES AND PHARISEES of the adjace
Page 206 and 207: SCYTHIANS it is possible that alrea
Page 208 and 209: SCYTHIANS SCYTHIANS Trhiri ('lcrin,
Page 210 and 211: SEA CALVES for the priests to warh
Page 212 and 213: ~ ~~ ~~~~~~ SELA-HAMMAHLEKOTH the l
Page 215 and 216: ~~ ~~~~ SELEUOIDIE Antiochur carrie
Page 217: ~ ~~ ~~~~~ - SELEUCIDB the Syrian t
Page 220 and 221: SEM After the defeat of Tizranei, S
Page 222: SENNACHERIB Babyionia. His principn
Page 225 and 226: SEPHARVAIM "...io~,), 'Zarephathher
Page 227: ~ ~~~~ , (nrihZi) who held discours
Page 231 and 232: SERMON ON THE MOUNT memory do not s
Page 233: SERMON ON THE MOUNT and less defini
Page 237 and 238: SERPENT (c) The belief (implied in
Page 239: SERVANT OF THE LORD God, and a rela
Page 243: SERVANT OF THE LORD the Servant hin
Page 246 and 247: SETHITES it now stands, Enoch comer
Page 248 and 249: SHACKLES numbers of Snm. For instan
Page 250 and 251: SHAHAZIMAH home war in ,the field [
Page 252 and 253: SHAMGAR ;l~slgned to Samson.' When
Page 254 and 255: SHAPHER SHAREZER but aimorr more pr
Page 257 and 258: ~ SHEBNA ilzx F. R. cut oti and thr
Page 259: SHECHEM not inroluble; they settle
Page 262: SHEKEL contract-tablets of the time
Page 265 and 266: .~~~ ~ SHEMARIAH 6 Jal, ~~REUBEN(~
Page 267 and 268: SHEPHATIAH H.-jerahmrel?) and Ribla
Page 269 and 270: SXESEACH ($@, as if humiliation.' c
Page 271: (a/,.'*, ,) .:..lu~l~~irn,r(~h~~~~x
Page 275 and 276: SHILOH or ideal future of Israel ;
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SHINAR applying the right key we ar
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SHIP unavailing for the u r w of st
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SHOBAB SHOBAB il)>d, cw&a~, as if ,
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SHOES SHOSHANNIM o.iv, (which these
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~~ ~ , actually took the Shulammite
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SIDDIM, VALE OF SR also the quotati
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SIEGE which record that chariots we
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SIEVE sirge operations of the secon
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SILAS, SILVANUS Acts15=~-18~. At th
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, SILAS, SILVANUS As for the forms
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SIMEON parts.' Even, however, if th
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I. Son of Mattathias surnamed THASS
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SIMON MAGUS thought that had procee
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SIMON MAGUS blood. If it war this o
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SIMON MAGUS SIMON MAGUS agninst Pau
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SIMON MAGUS Mmander, and pupils of
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SIMON PETER ih) From what has been
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SIMON PETER (o) .As for the convers
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SIMON PETER SIMON PETER 3,=Lk. 5.0-
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SIMON PETER SIMON PETER ;od, a mean
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SIMON PETER SIMON PETER .>:'< 1.:.
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SIMON PETER SIMON PETER Now, it war
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SIMON PETER SIMON PETER (about 189.
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~~~ SIMON PETER is referred to in 1
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SIMON PETER SIMON PETER (c) The thi
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SIMON PETER ning as it has come dow
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SIMON PETER engaged in controveiiy
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SIMON PETER Even if nabvlonin war P
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SINAI AND HOREB moreover, is regard
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~~~ ~~~ ~ ~ SINAI AND HOREB however
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~ SINIM, THE LAND OF Arab. hap: 'mi
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...., ~~~~~~~~ ~- ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ SIRACH
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&%el(Zj., Is. 4i.t. RV ,train') ii
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~ -~~ strooc protert is raised agai
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SODOM AND GOMORRAH of an earthquake
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SODOM AND GOMORRAH enough, there wa
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SOLOMON may, however, admit that th
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~ SOLOMON vtr. Hiram, i.~., Jerahme
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~ SON OF OOD told in Judah, it is n
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SON OF GOD SON OF GOD that the diff
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SON OF GOD Pilare. The eariiei form
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... SON OF MAN SON OF MAN SON OF WA
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~~ SON OF MAN number of Aramairms n
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SON OF MAN Latin verrion~ mnd~r ira
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SON OF MAN It seemed to Holitcn pro
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SON OF Gospels and Acts before Marc
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SON OF MAN SON OF MAN ship the dist
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SON OF MAN have nests, but a man ha
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SON OF MAN contents himself with tr
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SPICE-MERCHANTS gum wagacanth or st
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SPINNING 146 19 1514). The phenomen
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,, , SPIRITUAL GIFTS of men; and gi
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SPIRITUAL GIFTS visions, and dreinl
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~~~~~ SPIRITUAL GIFTS the sense of
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~~ - SPIRITUAL GIFTS Eavolliable, a
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~ ~ . ~~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ STARS To the pri
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STEPHEN STEPEEN The narrative in Ac
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STEPHEN rejcctian of Jcsur mar an i
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STEPS STOICS bcrw;en the two men. P
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~. STONES (PRECIOUS) additional ter
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STONES (PRECIOUS) which are quuted
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STORAX. r. It ir plausible to find
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STRANGER AND SOJOURNER as Jacob mar
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~ SUSANNA SUSANNA (coyca~~a, i.. ?l
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~ ~ -~ Othzr words doubtfully or wr
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SYNAGOGUE dvd8rw markan obje:t as '
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~~ SYNAGOGUE sion (from Jer. Bi~akh
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SYNEDRIUM supposed to assert that J
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SYRIA SYRIA , S.), but also the oas
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I. EGYPTIAN MONUMENTS. 11. AMARNA L
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Orontes, in Maiatia, Mark:. Aleppo.
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itself. This is true specially of t
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