cheenc03a.pdf

SHIP
unavailing for the u r w of strengthening the ship,' the other
Gcw reems pref-& until fvrtherevldsnce is fonhcoming.
Another interesting representation of alarge merchantship
is that of about zoo A.D.on a relief found at Porto
The near the mouth of the Tiber (see fig. 3).
Thin picture illustrates many features in the
',"g. ancient merchant-ships. The hull of a ship
was commonly painted, sometimes for a
special purpose-as in war. to make the vessel as little
conrpicuous as possible ; but .in addition to thir it was
often decorated, especially at the stern. We see an
e~iample of this decoration in the Porto relief, a group
of figures being depicted at the stern. The ornament
on the stern-post war often a swan or goose head
(Xnvlcror). It figures at a very early period; it is
represented for instance on the Asiatic ship of the naval
battle of Rameser 111. as represented on a bas-relief
at Medinet Habu (see Warre-Cornish, Did. of Gk.
and Ram. Antigq. under 'navis'). On the Portorelief
waling-pieces, or wooden belts (rwar@prr, not to
be confused with the brothpro) are seen to encircle
the ship horizontally. At the stern is the deck-house
or awning reserved for the rise of the commander
(Acts 27 xuprpurjms), who might also be the owner of
the ship (ibid.. vadnAnpar). The stem-port usually
terminated in a carved ornament or figure-head ; but in
place of this there war sometimes a painting on the
bow, as in the example before us. Besides thir, and
distinct from it, there were statues of the patron deities
(cp CASTOK) ; here perhaps to be observed at the
rtern. In this ship there are galleries projecting at the
bow and the rtern; the latter contains the deck-house
lmenfiorled above), in that at the bow were probably
sto!vrd the anchors and other instruments (arpo#r%r
nal rrprayyrir, windlasses, etc.?). At the stern are
the steering oars, here again protected by the upper
waling-pieces. The large rail in the centre has brailingropes
(K~AoL) and rings, and the mast is kept in
position by a number of other roper. The rope by
which the lower corner of the sail war attached to the
side of the ~ hi~-th~ sheet-war called pervcii or rolir ;
in the case of a large sail, such as thin. when two roper
would be required, rolir would denote the rope which
drew it aft, whilst rpdrour (prope~) designated the rope
which drew it fonvard, or the tack. Various derignr
SHIPHTAN
were often woven upon the sail ; we rem to have an
example in piclure. ,he bow a
mast to carry the artemon. But a third sail is to be
noted on thir ship. This is above the large square
sail. Being trianplar in shape and havillg its h~re
along the main-yard and its apx attached to the
top of the must, it requires no topsail-yard. Similar
triangular topsails are represented on some of the coins
of the Emperor Commodur. I.artly, we notice that a
smallboat is being towedastern (cp Acts2716, fi oxd#,,) ;
this would be "red for various purposes, but it was of
special importance as a life-boat in case of shipwreck
(Acts 27x6 30 jl). It could even be hoisted on board.'
From Acts2729 it appears that sometimes several
anchon were carried. At first stoner were
used for this purpose; later, the anchors
resemble very much those of modern
limes, they were provided with arms, stocks, and
crowns, but had no flukes at the extremities of
the arms.* Ships airo carried a plumb-line for
sounding (cp Acts 2728, Bohir) ; but the want
of a compass made mavietion often very
dangerous-the stars, by which the course of
a vessel wan directed, not always being visible
(cp Acts 27
An ancient shipcould rail according to Smith, at
an of .bur reven poidri with the vmd. 'We
have no information; he rsyr 'u totheexact ang1c
~ith the wind whichan anci:nr ship could mil. ~r
must however h=ve been lssr than elghr points
hut Ame than :ii, the usual allowance for a mode;
merchant-ship, in moderate weather. I have therefore,
in my calculations taken rcven as the mLm k-
tween there extremes, and I cannot ruppor it would
be much greater or lerr'(p. s,?).
Before out to Fa if was usual to make
supplication to the protectmg delller foraprorpemur
"0,(Wi~d.
14 r).& Cp, furlher, Taaoe.
lchlazer, Verr. &rr a/&. Ges?~, 551 ; cen+opa[B.4FL]), the
name of one of the Hebrew midwives; Ex. 1,s. This
name may be regarded (Che.) ar one of the minor supports
of the theory that the sojourn of the Israelites was
not in Misrainl (Egypt), but in Misrim (in part of the
Negeb). Cp MOSES, g 4.
SHIPETAN (IQpW; caeaea [Bl. caeaeaN 1.41.
ca@araN [Fl. (c)a@aOa [I.]), an Ephramite, father
1 Theahre d-iption ir bared upon Torr'r standard wnk
(see g 1%).
I See the min of .4ntoninur Pivr (given in Smith, rro).
8 Cp A. De Qurtrefages, oj: ci*. p..,gj: The Pal~csians
knew perfectly well how to drrecr 1 en course at sea by the
stars and the route from one point to alothcr once ohservecl
war if we may use the erprernon, m a song which
would never he forgotten.'
4 Cp the dercription in Grate. His*. of Grrrcr: 'Silence
having hccn znjoined and obtained by sound oftrumpet, both
the crews in every ship andthe spectators on rhorc followed thc
voice of the herald in prayrng to the gods for rucccrs and in
singing the Bg.. On every were wen bowls bf ?ins
re red pn the epibate made l~bationr with goblets of rllver
="Gdd.