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SON OF MAN have nests, but a man has nowhere to lay his head' (,yt. 8.0) ,nay be a proverb quoted by Jerus or an ep~gram colned on the spot. In either case the scribe no doubt mw the hint quickly. Man's life is full of danger and uncertainty. Where will he reside tomorrow? Nature cares for the beasts; they are not driven from home and hearth for their convictions. The thought probably never occurred to the scribe that this Galilvran teacher had in the same breath announced hirnself as the Merriah, and complained that though he was so great a man he neither owned a house nor had a lo~lging~place. The enemies of leius char~ed him with ~erformine I . . I : . I ! i I I . 18. rhf ile sau 11;.>1.1 c.,.v I . .L., I < f..lt ,I, >! : ,> ~":.c.,~ It, .."C,,,< v,e ..:* \. .r lllll. l > & ll I1111 ,I r,, I1 11 1*>.*.,11.,1 I.,", Ye, I e. -,I> ~ Z N ! ~ Ltu I
SON OF MAN die, but to proclaim the good news of the kingdom. Nevertileless he no doubt rraliscd the danger:, of the situation aed only put his life into jeopardy i*.causc he deemed it necessary for the accomplishment of his work. sustained the while by the hope that the kingdom of heaven would come in the world and to himself a share in the rerurrec~ion fro,,, the dead. In Mt.244-36 'the Son oi man' occurs five times: in Mk. 13s-ig only once, and in Lk. 21 S-36 twice. Mt. 24jad(Mk. 1326 Lk. 21 zl), which ir alike 41. The in dl thc synopticr, has no doubt been drawn Synaptic from the 1st aposrlypr~ Before it Mt. inao- *pooa,ypse. ~USSI the teimiwice-wr., in 24 2, whichildro found in Lk. 17.4 and in 24joo whish has no pa7alleI. The second occurrence in Lk. (21 36) is also without a duplicate; wbileNt. 243, jg correspond roLk. 17.6 jo. If the parrage which the three gospels have in common was the first in the original apocalypse that referred to the Son of man, it may well be that it conveyed the meaning, ' they shall see a man coming on the clouds of heaven,' and he will, etc. If Mt. 2427 actually preceded it, this sense would not be possible; hut there is no certainty that the original has been reproduced 6xactly or in order. Until iurther discoveries shall have been made. it will remain most orobable that 'the man ' was first introduced as 'a man.' as in En. 46 and 4 Ezra 13. This apocalypse may not originally hare been out . uoon . the lir~s . of Terua. When its fraementr d " once secured a place in the synoptic gospels, the influence upon the conception of the term , Son of man ' must have been . orofound. . If even d uibr roG dv8oijnov to persons familiar with Aramaic mi~ht st111 have conveyed the sense of bar.ndid (see § 36), the man coming with the clouds or aooevrine .. - as a liehtnine - - flash war too plainly the celestial being described in Dan. 7 13 to be considered as referring to man in general. A new ,node of thought war llaturally given to familiar utterances. It was this heavenly man who had been without a home on earth, who had authority over the sabbath and the right to pardon sins, who had suffered at the hands of men and predicted his advent in glory and pohei. 'The title was substituted for the personal pronoun ; old saying5 were modified. new ones~fornred. Where Jesus had spoken of the kingdom of heaven whore coming he expected, the Church spoke of the SO" of man for whore coming she eagerly looked. Among the new creations none ir grander than the judgment scene in Mt. 25. Its chief significance lies not so much in the fact that the judge identifies himself with his brethren, or that the nations are .". indeed bv their treatmenf of the Christians, as in the fact that they are judged exclurively by moral tests : men's eternal welfare is determined by their unconsciour goodness in dealing with their humblest fellow-mm. SON OF MAN Ar d'reh dC-'n"fd apparently wan not used by Palestinian Christians, d'reh dZrpnhrz is more probable. But it may even be quertionrd whether Jerome wrote filiur hominir, nr Gregory of Tours quotes thc i~ordr: 'Surge, Jacobe, comede, quia jnn, a mortuis rrsurrexi' (Hid. I;ran~. I*,). It is the merit of Lietzmann to have called attention to the fact that outride of the NT the phrase occurs for 43, Mmcion,B the first time in Marcion, and a,as u d by different Gnostic schools. goape,. Marcion's gospel seenls to have had this term in the same olaces ar the cattonical Lk.. except that 7~9351130-31 188 3'-34 were not found in lhis gospel. From Mrrcion's acgurinrrnce with it, Liermann draws tile :dndusion that it orlglnnted in Asin Minor befare the year P A.D. It IS not apprrenf why chis year should have been ohoren. HarnhcWr conjecrure (Chr~n. ~98) is bared on an shrcvre and manifestly corrupt pars,agige m Clemetlt of Alex. nldrli. Lipriur placed Mrrcion's hlrrh at lwrt twenty years Iztcr, and his arrival in Rome in rjjl4 (ZWTh., ,867, 7iff). Tertullian~r riaremmt that hIarclvn war the son of n%.irhop 15 icnrcely morereli~hlc th=n thsl of Megethius that he war him. i.lr a bishop (cy h%eyboqm, ;is n c ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ i+&h Bilr, aprrt from rhlr, ,here 1s no eudmc. thar i*larcxor; ar m chdd war familiar with the zorpel he quoted in Rome in the time of Piur (cp rlro Hilgenfeld, /irirngrrch. 3293). i ~ t ~ ~ According to Ireneus (Ads. her. i. 301.31 =) the snostics called the primeval light, the father of all Use of things, IlpGrar &Opwrol (prirnu? homo), and the first thought (hvota) emanating by from him Ad~~por dvOpuror (~rcundur Gnostics. homo), or uib dvop~rov (31ivr hominir). This vibr dvOpJrou was not, ho~vever, identical with the Christ who, in their opinion, war the offspring of 'the first man' and 'the second man' with 'the holy spirit.' ~vhile the man Jesus, son of Ynldabaoth and the Virgin hlary, was conceived of as the earthly tabernacle in which the Christ took up his abode. Hippolytus [Philorophummo, 56-11 lo9) reports that the Xaasener (dnl=serpent), or Phrygian Ophites, aiao worshipped the 'man' (ivOporar), and the 'Son of man' (ulbr ivEpirov) az a unity of father and son, the father probably being derlgnated as Adamar (rrxj. Jerome (Vir IN 21 affiinlsthat in the Gospel accord. ine to the Hebrews, which he had translated into Greek and Latin. the statement was according *2, Gospel to "ade that Jesur after his reaurrec- "on. 'took bread, blessed, brake, and gave it to James the Just, saying, .'my brother, eat thy bread, for the Son of man (filius hominir) has risen from those that sleep."' Hilgenfeld IZWTh., 1899) thiitkr that the Aramaic phrase translated by Jerome was b'rrh ill-'n#id. The evident kinship between the Ophite system and he thought ascribed to Simon of Gitta, renders it not n~probable that the founder of the movement already pas familinr with these designations for the highest =ingr. His raying in regard to the divine manifestsion as son in Judzu, as father in Samaria, and as holy ;%it in the other nationr (Philor. 6 4 is most re?dily ~nderstood in harmony with whatever else is known of xis views. if it is assumed that he asserted the divinity ,f man on the basis of the acknowledged humanity of :od, finding in Judaism, Samaritanism, and paganism. 4736
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ENCYCLOPiEDIA BIBLICA A DICTIONARY
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CosualaHr, 1903, Br THE MACMILLAN C
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PREFACE THE idea of preparing a new
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PREFACE ix Such is the history of t
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PREFACE xi manence, they have been
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POSTSCRIPT IF in what was written m
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GENERAL EXPLANATIONS THE labour tha
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QENERAL EXPLANATIONS xv v. Puncltla
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GENERAL EXPLANATIONS xvii On the As
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~ ~ ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND BIB
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ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND BIBLIOG
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MBBA . . MDPV . . Mern . . Mey.. .
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~ - Sclden . ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS
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ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND BIBLIOQ
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MAPS IN VOLUME IV ASIA, WESTERN (il
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AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SOME OF THE
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~ .~ QUARRIES they killed and dried
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RAAMAH RABBAH 3997 R RAAIUAE (3PV7;
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~~~ ~~~~~ RAB-BHAKEE He=kid~ InK 18
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RAHAB BA5AB (>?? : paan), Josh. 21
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RAMATH OF THE SOUTH BAMATH OF THE S
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RAPHAH . . Ewvld (GercA. 35- note)
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REG AH vn, whilep maybe mirwritten
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. RED SEA nineteenth dynasty.' Whet
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~~ . REHOBOTH-IR . . . .. , .. prob
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RBSURRECTION- AND ASCENSION-NARRATI
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~ ~ . RESURRECTION- AND ASCENSION-N
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~~ RESURRECTION- AND ASDENSION-NARR
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RESURRECTION- AND 1 SCENSION-NARRAT
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RESURRECTION- AND ASCENSION-NARRATI
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~ RESURRECTION- AND ASCENSION-NARRA
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RESURRECTION- AND ASDENSION-NARRATI
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RESURREOTION- AND ASCENSION-NARRATI
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REVBEB the getrealogical fable conn
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REUBEN h8c6in (inn ; see JETHKO, se
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REZIA the rnraga of Ptal. (515). an
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RIDDLE 5216J). The occurrences of R
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~~~~~ RIGHT, RIGHTEOUSNESS 'salvati
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RING I Zarephath-jerahmeel [Che.];
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was probably always female victims
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and the Tigris were regarded as hav
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ROMANS (EPISTLE) Thus, there has be
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ROMANS (EPISTLE) the seed of Abraha
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ROWS (EPISTLE) possibility-which, i
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ROME (CHURCH) So far as appears, no
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ROME (CHURCH) in the epistle of the
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ROME (EMPIRE) Marcion laid the foun
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an indirect manner . . .' (Renan, L
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RUTH, BOOK OF historical books, and
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RUTH, BOOK OF The view here taken r
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SABBATH people of God. It would not
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SABBATH and the Sabbath are almost
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SACKCLOTH SAeRIFICE CONTENTS I. HIS
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SACRIFICE festival ('Passover') and
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~ ~ ~~~~~ SACRIFICE the definitions
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SACRIFIOE Ezekiel suppores that his
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SACRIFICE reader a sacrifice for th
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SACRIFICE was such a delegation of
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SACRIFICE peculiar rite which, thou
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SACRIFICE SACRIFICE Jewelry iron, t
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~~~ SAORIFIOE and scarlet wool and
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~ SACRIFICE death of Christ was not
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SADDUCEES been later that the progr
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-~ SALEMAS 8fi~mS (s~ranrr). 4 Esd.
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SALT SALT have no further informati
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SALUTATIONS right shoulder, and kis
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SAMARITANS that eighty men came 'fr
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~ . ~~~~~ a. SAMATUS . . "A): VI~I.
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-, ~ ~ SAMUEL striking experiences
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SAMUEL (BOOKS) SAMUEL (BOOKS) accor
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-,, - SAMUEL (BOOKS) have come to b
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"~ SAPHUTHI SAPHUTHI (c~$,~e~ [A]),
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SARDITE a temple to TiLrrivi (Tic.
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SARGON had been loyal to Tiglath-pi
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~. ~ ~ .,. SATAN The root (it"). wh
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'runners') is, as the present write
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~~~ ~ ..... SAUL 5 4). Accordingly
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SAVARAN 2. (RV SHAUL). An early Edo
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SCOURGE, SCOURGING jointed clawr wh
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~~~ ~ ~ - . SCRIBES AND PHARISEES w
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SCRIBES AND PHARISEES of the adjace
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SCYTHIANS it is possible that alrea
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SCYTHIANS SCYTHIANS Trhiri ('lcrin,
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SEA CALVES for the priests to warh
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~ ~~ ~~~~~~ SELA-HAMMAHLEKOTH the l
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~~ ~~~~ SELEUOIDIE Antiochur carrie
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~ ~~ ~~~~~ - SELEUCIDB the Syrian t
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SEM After the defeat of Tizranei, S
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SENNACHERIB Babyionia. His principn
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SEPHARVAIM "...io~,), 'Zarephathher
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~ ~~~~ , (nrihZi) who held discours
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SEWON ON THE MOUNT hastens to incor
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SERMON ON THE MOUNT memory do not s
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SERMON ON THE MOUNT and less defini
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SERPENT (c) The belief (implied in
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SERVANT OF THE LORD God, and a rela
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SERVANT OF THE LORD the Servant hin
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SETHITES it now stands, Enoch comer
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SHACKLES numbers of Snm. For instan
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SHAHAZIMAH home war in ,the field [
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SHAMGAR ;l~slgned to Samson.' When
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SHAPHER SHAREZER but aimorr more pr
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~ SHEBNA ilzx F. R. cut oti and thr
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SHECHEM not inroluble; they settle
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SHEKEL contract-tablets of the time
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.~~~ ~ SHEMARIAH 6 Jal, ~~REUBEN(~
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SHEPHATIAH H.-jerahmrel?) and Ribla
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SXESEACH ($@, as if humiliation.' c
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(a/,.'*, ,) .:..lu~l~~irn,r(~h~~~~x
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SHILOH or ideal future of Israel ;
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SHINAR applying the right key we ar
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SHIP unavailing for the u r w of st
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SHOBAB SHOBAB il)>d, cw&a~, as if ,
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SHOES SHOSHANNIM o.iv, (which these
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~~ ~ , actually took the Shulammite
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SIDDIM, VALE OF SR also the quotati
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SIEGE which record that chariots we
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SIEVE sirge operations of the secon
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SILAS, SILVANUS Acts15=~-18~. At th
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, SILAS, SILVANUS As for the forms
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SIMEON parts.' Even, however, if th
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I. Son of Mattathias surnamed THASS
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SIMON MAGUS thought that had procee
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SIMON MAGUS blood. If it war this o
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SIMON MAGUS SIMON MAGUS agninst Pau
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SIMON MAGUS Mmander, and pupils of
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SIMON PETER ih) From what has been
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SIMON PETER (o) .As for the convers
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SIMON PETER SIMON PETER 3,=Lk. 5.0-
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SIMON PETER SIMON PETER ;od, a mean
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SIMON PETER SIMON PETER .>:'< 1.:.
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SIMON PETER SIMON PETER Now, it war
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SIMON PETER SIMON PETER (about 189.
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~~~ SIMON PETER is referred to in 1
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SIMON PETER SIMON PETER (c) The thi
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SIMON PETER ning as it has come dow
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SIMON PETER engaged in controveiiy
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SIMON PETER Even if nabvlonin war P
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Page 359 and 360: ~~~ ~~~ ~ ~ SINAI AND HOREB however
Page 361 and 362: ~ SINIM, THE LAND OF Arab. hap: 'mi
Page 363 and 364: ...., ~~~~~~~~ ~- ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ SIRACH
Page 366: &%el(Zj., Is. 4i.t. RV ,train') ii
Page 371: ~ -~~ strooc protert is raised agai
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Page 380 and 381: SOLOMON may, however, admit that th
Page 382: ~ SOLOMON vtr. Hiram, i.~., Jerahme
Page 385: ~ SON OF OOD told in Judah, it is n
Page 388 and 389: SON OF GOD SON OF GOD that the diff
Page 390 and 391: SON OF GOD Pilare. The eariiei form
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Page 395 and 396: ~~ SON OF MAN number of Aramairms n
Page 397 and 398: SON OF MAN Latin verrion~ mnd~r ira
Page 399 and 400: SON OF MAN It seemed to Holitcn pro
Page 401 and 402: SON OF Gospels and Acts before Marc
Page 404 and 405: SON OF MAN SON OF MAN ship the dist
Page 409: SON OF MAN contents himself with tr
Page 413 and 414: SPICE-MERCHANTS gum wagacanth or st
Page 415: SPINNING 146 19 1514). The phenomen
Page 421 and 422: ,, , SPIRITUAL GIFTS of men; and gi
Page 423 and 424: SPIRITUAL GIFTS visions, and dreinl
Page 425 and 426: ~~~~~ SPIRITUAL GIFTS the sense of
Page 427: ~~ - SPIRITUAL GIFTS Eavolliable, a
Page 430: ~ ~ . ~~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ STARS To the pri
Page 433: STEPHEN STEPEEN The narrative in Ac
Page 436 and 437: STEPHEN rejcctian of Jcsur mar an i
Page 438 and 439: STEPS STOICS bcrw;en the two men. P
Page 441: ~. STONES (PRECIOUS) additional ter
Page 444 and 445: STONES (PRECIOUS) which are quuted
Page 446 and 447: STORAX. r. It ir plausible to find
Page 448: STRANGER AND SOJOURNER as Jacob mar
Page 451 and 452: ~ SUSANNA SUSANNA (coyca~~a, i.. ?l
Page 453 and 454: ~ ~ -~ Othzr words doubtfully or wr
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SYNAGOGUE dvd8rw markan obje:t as '
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~~ SYNAGOGUE sion (from Jer. Bi~akh
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SYNEDRIUM supposed to assert that J
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SYRIA SYRIA , S.), but also the oas
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I. EGYPTIAN MONUMENTS. 11. AMARNA L
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Orontes, in Maiatia, Mark:. Aleppo.
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itself. This is true specially of t
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