cheenc03a.pdf

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of both rti lords, for the Hittite power also must a1 that
left period have bern severely shaken by
the irruptions of the Xuski and others.
to itself,
and so precluded from effective intervention
in the affairr of Syrra. Syria, therefore, exactly
as P~alestine. was in the eleventh and tenth centuries
virtually left to itself and at liberty to follow its own
political development independently of the great powers :
as slich at this date come into account not only Egypt
and Arryria but also Babylonia In Palestine and
Phmnicia arose the kingdoms of David and of Hiram.
in Syria a mimber of stater with populationr essentially
of one and rhr same character, a mixture of Hittite and
Aramzan. Zeedlers to say, under these conditiolls
the Aramaan immigration went on with much less
impediment than would have been the case if a strong
and great power had held sway. We have evidence
fur this Aramean advance in occasional statements
made by later Assyrian kings regarding the time in
q~lerlion. Thus Shalmaneser 11. bears witness that
under the Assyrian king ASur-irbl the Aramaeans had
taken porresrion of Pitru (see PETHOR) on the Sagur.
This movement will have been in the tenth century,
for from the second half of that centurvonwards we are
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nqir-pal begins anew to expend He begins by
subjug;~ting the Arnmaan sates which had in the
meantime sprung up in Mesopotamia (the most im-
~ortant of them was Blt- Adini which had its centre
;bout Ifarran), and next' he proceeds to cross the
Euphrates. It is nevertheless worthy of remark that
he did not follow quite the same route as had been
taken by hls two predecessors Shalmaneser I. and
Tiglath~pileser 1. Whilst they took possession of the
territory which had belonged to the Mitani and from
this bare were thu able, after the conque~t of the Hatti.
to make their way to the sea, AEur-ner-pal advanced
direct through Syria proper. He already possessed legal
claims to the ' vatti land'-for a3 such Syria ir now constantly
represented by the Assyrians, whilst the Hatti land
oroocr on the Halvs is henceforward known as Muski.
kh; development 'which had gone on in the interval
appears from what ASur-"air-pal tells us. In the N.
it was Kummuh. on both hanks ofthe Euohrates. that
was alw;lys mo; fully exposed to the ~ssyr;an influmce.
and it icknowedgid ihe ~~~~~i~~ ;averrignty in,-
mediately upon the subjugatbn of the Aramaan stater
of Mesopotamia. The region to the S. of Kummuh
embriiced in A:ur-n+ir-pnl's time the state of Carchemirh,
now called the ca~ital of Hattiland (see above.
g. x3). ' Its king submitted in lrke man& without
a struggle, thus recogmising the claims of Arsyria.
Westward of this had grown up a state which included
the northern portion of Syria proper (substantially
Cyrrherticr) from the borders of Carchemish-let ur
rav the Saeur-southwards "
to the mountains of the
~b~airi ; its southern and eastern neighbour here may
have been Hamath, of which Aiur~naliir-pal tbr very
good rezuons rays nothing. The new state was that of
Patin (see PADDAN-ARAM), which had I.iburna or
Lubarrla for its king, and Kunnlua or Kinalia as its
capit'rl. Liburna did not submit until his capital had
been beiiegcd. In the southern Nosairi range, that ie
in the movntains of North Phmnicia, Ahr-naylr-pal
founded an Asivrian colonv in AribuaZ Of anv
fu~ther strps he took ASur-nayir-pal tells us nothing:
but the state of affairs under his succwor shows us
what occurred in the immediately foilowing yeam in thir
Arvmsznn state in the 'Amti.
Shalmaneser 11. pro-eded immedi.~tely in the first
1 From the order of the sxnalr if is porrib!c to doubt vhcther
this happened in 876 or in 868 a.c. The latrer dare is piohably
to be preferred.
S Ksl'at e:-Arl,a?n, ESE. (rum el-Lzdakiyehl see Srnda in
MVAC, rgoz, 78.
4855
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years of his reign to strengthen his hold on the territory
shalmaneser 11, which Aiur-naGr-pal had subjugated
in Mesopotamia and
Syria KommuB, Ult-Adini, and Carchemijh had to
s"bmit, or were overt1,ronn. I" piace or the single state
of Patin, however, Shalmaneser set up in the same area
5e"erai smaller stater. Lihurna had thus to share hi5
dominion with the various princes of the districts of hlr
former territory-perhaps in virtue of an arrangement
of AS"?-nagir-pays on the principle of d"uide ef imjern.
Shalmanerer mentions by name Mutallu of Gurgum,
Hani or Hayan bar Gabar of Sam'al, Sapaiulme, and
afterwards Kalparunda'of Patin in 853. Thus. on thir
first campaign which carried him to the Amnnus.
Shalmanerer kept himself practically within the lintits
of Patin, which had recognired the Assyrian overlordahip.
Some years later (in 8s;) he already -names along rviih
this the people or tribe of Guri (or Agusi), which had its
seat near Arpvd under its prince Arame, and (in the N.)
Lalli of ~elctene.
The same e~pedition was destined to bring the whole
of Syria or Hattiland under the Asvian sway, and the
course of it explains why formerly Aim-nasir-pal had
advanced by the '.4mk-route. For the territory of
Hamath, and that immediately adioininz it on the S..
were at that time the seat of a great& power which
possessed the ascendancy over Central Syria Herr in
the tenth-ninth century DAMASCUS (p.9.) had developed
into a principal state. Shalmanerer 11. reckons up the
'allies' of Benhadad (Bir-'idri)-i.r, vassal stares which
had to render military service--in 854 8.c. and following
years thus : Hamath, Kue. Muyri. North Phcenicia.
the $Arabians,' Ammoh.
The humiliation of Damascus was the tark which
h f 7 %! . I i d 71: hhllruaneser .qmyolr..l
. ! 8, .." Ewn Ill d,? whet. 1I.z.el udr 1u,.eged
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