Solar Energy Perspectives - IEA

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Solar Energy Perspectives: Solar photovoltaics Photo 6.3 PV plants on Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada Source: U.S. Air Force photo/Airman 1 st Class Nadine Y. Barclay Key point Utility-scale PV plants are emerging as a viable option. 122 © OECD/IEA, 2011
Chapter 7: Solar heat Chapter 7 Solar heat Capturing the sun’s energy as heat is relatively easy, and can be done with considerable variety of devices, stationary or concentrating. The choice typically depends on the temperature levels required for end uses: water heating, space heating, space cooling, process heat, electricity generation or manufacturing of fuels. Storing heat is significantly less costly than storing electricity, but entirely offsetting seasonal variations of the solar heat at affordable costs remains a challenge. Background The use of solar heat is sometimes tracked back to Archimedes, who is said to have set fire to attacking Roman vessels with a giant mirror concentrating sunrays in 214 BCE, but there is no contemporary account of the siege of Syracuse to confirm the story. René Descartes thought the feat was impossible – but in April 1747 Georges Buffon set fire to a fir plank, besmeared with pitch, with 128 glasses concentrating sunrays. In 1767, the Swiss scientist Horace de Saussure built the world’s first solar collector, or hotbox. Astronomer John Hershel was inspired in the 1830s to hold little family cookouts with just such a box. William Adams, a British colonist, developed solar cooking in India to combat fuel wood depletion. Félix Trombe built a concentrating solar oven at Mont-Louis (French Pyrenees) in 1952, then a more powerful one at Odeillo in 1968. On an industrial scale, at the end of the 19th century solar water heaters were developed in California, but the discovery of natural gas in the 1920s killed their expansion. In the 1960s, solar water heaters were installed by the million on Japanese and Israeli roofs. The boom expanded to other countries after the 1974 oil shocks but the 1986 counter-shock (oil glut) killed the nascent industry apart from in a few countries such as Israel, Germany and Austria. More recently, China dominated the global market for heating with domestic installations, mostly “thermo-siphon” solar water heaters based on evacuated tube collectors. In 2010 solar heat collectors covered a global surface area of 28 000 hectares (ha), of which 16 500 ha was in China alone. Solar heat today, despite the recent boom of PV, represents the largest solar contribution to our energy needs, with more than 196 gigawatt thermal (GW th ) of capacity and 162 terawatthour thermal (TWh th ) produced in 2010 (see Figure 4.1). It is second only to wind among the “new” renewable energy technologies (i.e. apart from hydro power and bioenergy). This comparison takes no account of passive solar energy in buildings. Collecting heat Devices to capture solar energy as heat essentially offer a receptive surface to the sunlight, whether direct or diffuse. Absorption of solar rays heats those surfaces. To absorb as much incoming radiation as possible, black is the preferred colour. 123 © OECD/IEA, 2011
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Renewable Energy Renewable TECHNOLO
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Renewable Energy Technologies Solar
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The Int
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Foreword Foreword Solar energy tech
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Acknowledgements Acknowledgements T
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Table of contents Table of Contents
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Table of contents Chapter 7 Solar h
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Table of contents Chapter 3 Chapter
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Table of contents Chapter 4 Figure
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Table of contents Figure 10.4 • N
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Executive Summary Executive Summary
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Executive Summary A possible vision
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Chapter 1: Rationale for harnessing
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PART A MARKETS AND OUTLOOK Chapter
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Chapter 2: The solar resource and i
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Chapte
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Versat
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Figure
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Figure
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity to a t
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity New in
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Variou
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity as fro
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity peak t
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Kenya
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity • Ad
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Chapter 4: Buildings Chapter 4 Buil
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Page 111 and 112: PART B TECHNOLOGIES Chapter 6 Solar
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Page 173 and 174: PART C THE WAY FORWARD Chapter 10 P
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Chapter 10: Policies Chapter 10 Pol
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Chapter 10: Policies distinguish pe
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Chapter 10: Policies Photo 10.1 Chi
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Chapter 10: Policies In Morocco, se
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Chapter 10: Policies and linked to
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Chapter 10: Policies ambition of th
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Chapter 10: Policies Figure 10.6 Sc
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Chapter 10: Policies and can hardly
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Chapter 10: Policies fossil-fuel pl
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Chapter 10: Policies It would make
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Chapter 10: Policies In the retail
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits Chap
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits grow
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits betw
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits Figu
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits The
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits esti
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits Phot
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Water availability is unlikely to b
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits 10 0
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits tran
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Chapter 12: Conclusions and recomme
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Chapter 12: Conclusions and recomme
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Annex A Annex A Definitions, abbrev
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Annex A REC RPS SACP sc-Si SEI SEII
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Annex B Annex B References A.T. Kea
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Annex B Greenpeace International, S
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Annex B Malbranche, Ph. et C. Phili
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