Solar Energy Perspectives - IEA

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Solar Energy Perspectives: Buildings Photo 4.8 Installing a solar air heating system Source: Solar Wall. Key point The envelopes of new buildings both conserve and produce thermal and electric energy. 92 © OECD/IEA, 2011
Chapter 5: Industry and transport Chapter 5 Industry and transport The progress of efficient electricity-based techniques in industry and transport may become the main vehicle for introducing solar energy more broadly in industry. Some companies may recognise the benefits of producing solar electricity at or near their industrial facilities. Prospects for direct use of low-temperature solar heat are considerable in the food industry, and noteworthy in several other industries. Use of high-temperature heat from concentrating solar rays may warrant further investigation, beyond possibilities in desalination for fresh water production. Industrial electricity Manufacturing industry accounts for approximately one-third of total energy use worldwide. Electricity constitutes just over one quarter of this energy; fossil fuels and biomass (for about 8% to total final energy in 2007) provide the rest, mainly used as process heat but also for self-generation of electricity, including co-generation of heat and power. As in other consuming sectors, if a larger share of grid electricity comes from renewables in general and solar energy in particular (as seen in Chapter 3), so will the electricity consumed in industry. One way to get more solar and renewables in the industrial energy mix is thus to develop efficient uses of electricity – with a progressively growing solar and renewable share – to displace fossil fuel uses. Many technologies are now available that can replace fossil fuels for a great diversity of industrial processes. Examples include freeze concentration instead of the thermal process of evaporation; dielectric heating (radio frequency and microwave heating) for drying; polymerisation; and powder coatings using infra-red ovens for curing instead of solvent-based coatings and conventional convection ovens (Eurelectric, 2004). Most often, converting a process to electricity improves process control and productivity. In many cases, electric-heating applications are more energyefficient than their alternatives, especially at high temperatures. Optimal efficiency of an electric furnace can reach up to 95%, whilst the equivalent for a gas furnace is only 40% to 80%. The use of electrochemical processes to produce iron ore, known as electro-winning, is currently in an early R&D phase. Aluminium is produced entirely by electro-winning and the approach is also used in the production of lead, copper, gold, silver, zinc, chromium, cobalt, manganese, and the rare-earth and alkali metals. If a technological breakthrough were to make the production of iron by electro-winning feasible, renewable energy could more easily substitute for fossil fuels in this major application. Indeed the share of electricity in industrial energy consumption is expected to increase from one-fourth to one-third by 2050 (IEA, 2009a). The climate-friendly BLUE Map Scenarios are little different from the Baseline Scenario in this respect, with shares of electricity in industrial productivity variants shown as “high” (37%) or “low” (35%) (Figure 5.1). 93 © OECD/IEA, 2011
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Renewable Energy Renewable TECHNOLO
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Renewable Energy Technologies Solar
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The Int
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Foreword Foreword Solar energy tech
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Acknowledgements Acknowledgements T
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Table of contents Table of Contents
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Table of contents Chapter 7 Solar h
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Table of contents Chapter 3 Chapter
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Table of contents Chapter 4 Figure
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Table of contents Figure 10.4 • N
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Executive Summary Executive Summary
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Executive Summary A possible vision
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Chapter 1: Rationale for harnessing
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PART A MARKETS AND OUTLOOK Chapter
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Chapter 2: The solar resource and i
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Page 111 and 112: PART B TECHNOLOGIES Chapter 6 Solar
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Chapter 8: Solar thermal electricit
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Chapter 9: Solar fuels Chapter 9 So
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Chapter 9: Solar fuels “Solar fue
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Chapter 9: Solar fuels in line-focu
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Chapter 9: Solar fuels back to wate
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Chapter 9: Solar fuels Solar gasifi
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PART C THE WAY FORWARD Chapter 10 P
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Chapter 10: Policies Chapter 10 Pol
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Chapter 10: Policies distinguish pe
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Chapter 10: Policies Photo 10.1 Chi
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Chapter 10: Policies In Morocco, se
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Chapter 10: Policies and linked to
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Chapter 10: Policies ambition of th
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Chapter 10: Policies Figure 10.6 Sc
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Chapter 10: Policies and can hardly
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Chapter 10: Policies fossil-fuel pl
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Chapter 10: Policies It would make
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Chapter 10: Policies In the retail
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits Chap
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits grow
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits betw
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits Figu
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits esti
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits Phot
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Water availability is unlikely to b
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Chapter 12: Conclusions and recomme
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Chapter 12: Conclusions and recomme
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Annex A Annex A Definitions, abbrev
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Annex A REC RPS SACP sc-Si SEI SEII
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Annex B Annex B References A.T. Kea
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Annex B Greenpeace International, S
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Annex B Malbranche, Ph. et C. Phili
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