Solar Energy Perspectives - IEA

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Solar Energy Perspectives: Testing the limits mankind a great degree of freedom, providing a broad spectrum of readily available technology options for the future generations to choose from as circumstances warrant. To create these options, and make this more sustainable future a true, realistic possibility, we must start now. Effective and cost-effective policies need to be put in place as soon as possible. 214 © OECD/IEA, 2011
Chapter 12: Conclusions and recommendations Chapter 12 Conclusions and recommendations The sun offers mankind virtually unlimited energy potential. Only wind power comes close, only biomass is equally versatile. Solar energy can be tapped in many ways, which should be combined to best fulfil the energy needs of the global population and economy. Because it is available all over the planet, it can provide faster access to modern energy services for the disadvantaged communities in rural areas with low population densities. It can also help them meet their energy needs for cooking, displacing ways of using biomass that are often inefficient, unhealthy and not sustainable. For the bulk of the world population, solar energy can provide inexhaustible and clean electricity in large amounts, only surpassed by wind power in temperate and cold countries. Electricity will be the main carrier of solar energy, displacing fossil fuel use with efficient motors and heat pumps, drawing heavily on solar and geothermal ambient energy. An integrated approach to the deployment of solar energy needs first to assess and characterise all energy needs, then to identify the smartest possible combination of sources to meet those needs. Wherever possible, passive city and building designs maximising day lighting, solar heat capture (or shielding from excessive solar irradiance) should be preferred. Wherever possible, direct heat should be preferred to more elaborate forms of energy in responding to heat needs. Using ambient energy wherever possible is even better; the only costs are in raising temperature levels. Similarly, depending on the climatic conditions, effective combinations of solar, wind, geothermal, hydro power and biomass resources will generate ample quantities of clean and renewable electricity. Whether other carbon-free technologies are available or not, an almost complete decarbonisation of electricity generation is possible. Only balancing plants with low capacity factors should have residual CO 2 emissions, which could be further minimised by using solar hydrogen blended with natural gas, unless biogas can also be produced in sufficient amounts. The most difficult challenges in a future of very low greenhouse gas emissions will be displacing fossil fuels that are in direct uses in industry and transport. But the combination of electricity, mainly from solar and wind, and biomass can reduce fossil fuel usage to quite low levels, while in industry carbon capture and storage (if proven in large-scale applications) should further reduce CO 2 emissions. Prediction is very difficult, especially about the future, as the great Danish physicist Niels Bohr stated. The exact contribution of solar energy by 2060 and after cannot be known or decided yet. Many other climate-friendly options may appear, and the hopes some put in carbon capture and storage or nuclear may materialise. Efficiency improvements may be faster or slower than expected. Substitution of fossil fuels with electricity may also be faster or slower than anticipated, while hydrogen may play more of a role than foreseen in this publication. Ocean energy and enhanced geothermal energy may become important contributors. 215 © OECD/IEA, 2011
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Renewable Energy Renewable TECHNOLO
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Renewable Energy Technologies Solar
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The Int
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Foreword Foreword Solar energy tech
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Acknowledgements Acknowledgements T
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Table of contents Table of Contents
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Table of contents Chapter 7 Solar h
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Table of contents Chapter 3 Chapter
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Table of contents Chapter 4 Figure
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Table of contents Figure 10.4 • N
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Executive Summary Executive Summary
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Executive Summary A possible vision
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Chapter 1: Rationale for harnessing
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PART A MARKETS AND OUTLOOK Chapter
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Chapter 2: The solar resource and i
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Chapte
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Versat
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Figure
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Figure
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity New in
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Variou
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Kenya
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Chapter 4: Buildings Chapter 4 Buil
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Chapter 4: Buildings South Africa,
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Chapter 4: Buildings Défense near
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Chapter 4: Buildings Pumps variant,
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PART B TECHNOLOGIES Chapter 6 Solar
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Chapter 6: Solar photovoltaics Chap
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Chapter 7: Solar heat Chapter 7 Sol
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Chapter 7: Solar heat incoming radi
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Chapter 7: Solar heat Evacuated tub
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Chapter 7: Solar heat Photo 7.2 Che
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Chapter 7: Solar heat with the temp
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Chapter 7: Solar heat Photo 7.6 Pos
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Chapter 7: Solar heat Figure 7.8 Sc
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Chapter 7: Solar heat Figure 7.10 B
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Chapter 7: Solar heat inert materia
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Chapter 8: Solar thermal electricit
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Chapter 9: Solar fuels Chapter 9 So
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Page 221 and 222: Annex A Annex A Definitions, abbrev
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Page 233: IEA Publications, 9, rue de la Féd
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Solar Energy Perspectives - IEA

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