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Solar Energy Perspectives: Solar thermal electricity Delayed intermediate load Figure 8.6 Three different uses of storage Medium-size storage 250 MW turbine Solar tower Production from 12.00h to 23.00h 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24h Base load 120 MW turbine Solar tower Large storage 24/24h Production 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24h Peak load Solar tower Large storage 620 MW turbine Production from 18.00h to 22.00h 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24h Key point Thermal storage can shift, extend or concentrate the generation of electricity. 152 © OECD/IEA, 2011
Chapter 8: Solar thermal electricity Seasonal storage for CSP plants would require much larger capacities still, and as noted in Chapter 7 it would more likely rest on stone storage, if it ever comes to fruition. The volume of stone storage for a 100 MW system would be no less than 2 million m 3 , which is the size of a moderate gravel quarry, or a silo of 250 metre diameter and 67 metre high. This may not be out of proportion, in regions where available space is abundant, as suggested by the comparison with the solar collector field required for a CSP plant producing 100 MW on annual average on Figure 8.7. Figure 8.7 Comparison of the size of a 100 MW solar field and its annual 67-m high stone storage 100 MW (annual average) collector Source: Welle, 2010. Daily storage facility Annual storage facility Key point Annual thermal storage for CSP plants may emerge as a viable option. Stones are poor heat conductors, so exchange surfaces should be maximised, for example, with packed beds loosely filled with small particles. One option is then to use gases as HTFs from and to the collector fields, and from and to heat exchangers where steam would be generated. Another option would be to use gas for heat exchanges with the collectors, and have water circulating in pipes in the storage facility, where steam would be generated. This second option would simplify the general plan of the plant, but heat transfers between rocks and pressurised fluids in thick pipes may be problematic. Investment costs for annual storage would be less rapidly amortised than in the case of daily storage cycles, as it would in one sense provide service only once a year. On the other hand it would require very inexpensive storage media, such as stones; and the costs of heat exchangers, pumps and pipes would probably be much smaller per MW th than for daily storage, as heat exchanges would not need to take place at the same speed. So annual storage may emerge as a useful option, as generation of electricity by CSP plant in winter is significantly less than in other seasons in the range of latitudes – between 15° and 35° – where suitable areas for CSP generation are found. However, sceptics point out the need for much thicker insulation walls as a critical cost factor. There is another way to store the energy of the sun – thermo-chemical storage. In the case of low-temperature heat, as described in Chapter 7, the chemicals would probably remain inside some storage tank, and heat exchanges between the solar collectors and the storage tank will be done using some HTF. With high-temperature heat, however, the chemical reaction could take place in the receiver itself. This not only allows for storage, but the 153 © OECD/IEA, 2011
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Renewable Energy Renewable TECHNOLO
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Renewable Energy Technologies Solar
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The Int
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Foreword Foreword Solar energy tech
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Acknowledgements Acknowledgements T
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Table of contents Table of Contents
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Table of contents Chapter 7 Solar h
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Table of contents Chapter 3 Chapter
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Table of contents Chapter 4 Figure
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Table of contents Figure 10.4 • N
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Executive Summary Executive Summary
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Executive Summary A possible vision
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Chapter 1: Rationale for harnessing
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PART A MARKETS AND OUTLOOK Chapter
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Chapter 2: The solar resource and i
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Chapte
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Versat
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Figure
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Figure
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity to a t
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity New in
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Variou
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity as fro
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity peak t
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Kenya
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity • Ad
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Chapter 4: Buildings Chapter 4 Buil
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Chapter 4: Buildings South Africa,
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Chapter 4: Buildings Figure 4.3 Bui
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Chapter 4: Buildings Défense near
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Chapter 4: Buildings larger the col
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Chapter 4: Buildings Pumps variant,
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Chapter 4: Buildings radiators or h
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Chapter 4: Buildings Most widesprea
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Chapter 4: Buildings Photo 4.5 Mans
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Chapter 4: Buildings the overall po
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Chapter 4: Buildings area is limite
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Chapter 4: Buildings Figure 4.11 An
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Chapter 5: Industry and transport C
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Chapter 5: Industry and transport c
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Page 111 and 112: PART B TECHNOLOGIES Chapter 6 Solar
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Water availability is unlikely to b
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits 10 0
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Chapter 12: Conclusions and recomme
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Chapter 12: Conclusions and recomme
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Annex A Annex A Definitions, abbrev
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Annex A REC RPS SACP sc-Si SEI SEII
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Annex B Annex B References A.T. Kea
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Annex B Greenpeace International, S
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Annex B Malbranche, Ph. et C. Phili
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